基奈半島狼

基奈半島狼; 化石时期：0.81–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼ 中更新世至1915年
保护状况
	; 绝灭（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	食肉目 Carnivora
科：	犬科 Canidae
属：	犬属 Canis
种：	狼 C. lupus
亚种：	基奈半島狼 C. l. alces
三名法
	Canis lupus alces; Goldman, 1941
	灰狼亚种在北美洲的分布

基奈半島狼（學名：Canis lupus alces）是一个灰狼亚种。原分布在阿拉斯加州基奈半島，因人类捕杀而于1925年灭绝^[3]。

體型

基奈半岛狼在被灭绝之前是北美最大的狼，身长为5-7英尺（150-215厘米），高35至44英寸（89-112厘米）。它的体长从60英寸到84英寸（5英尺到7英尺）不等，估计最重可達200-250磅^[4]^[5]^[6]。

特徵

爱德华·阿方索·戈德曼（英语：Edward Alphonso Goldman）提出，基奈半岛狼体型庞大可能是自然选择的结果，因其主要依赖驼鹿为食^[7]^[8]。

史密森尼学会收藏有基奈半岛狼的一块头骨标本，编号为「USNM 147471」^[9]。

历史

1941年，基奈半島狼被戈德曼划分为阿拉斯加州四个灰狼亚种之一^[1]。2005年出版的《世界哺乳動物》也將其認定為灰狼的一個亚种^[10]。

20世纪前，牠们在基奈半岛上很常见。然而，1895年，基奈半岛开采出金矿，引发淘金热。惧怕狂犬病的矿工随即开始滥杀狼群。至1915年，狼群绝迹^[11]^[12]^[13]。1925年，基奈半岛狼被宣布灭绝^[14]。

基奈半島狼绝迹五十年后，1960年代，基奈半岛被发现有狼群重新定居^[15]。尽管如此，基因组学研究表明，现有狼群与原基奈半岛狼的遗传相似性很小。因此，可以认为该亚种已经绝灭^[16]。

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Goldman, E. A. 1941 Sep 30. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 54: 109.
^ Canis lupus alces Goldman, 1941. ITIS.
^ Weckworth, Byron V.; Talbot, Sandra; Sage, George K.; Person, David K.; Cook, Joseph. A Signal for Independent Coastal and Continental histories among North American wolves (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 2005, 14 (4): 917–31 [2021-02-02]. PMID 15773925. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02461.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-19）.
^ Fun Kenai Peninsula Wolf Facts For Kids. [2023-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-03）.
^ Kenai Peninsula Wolf. lookseek. [2021-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-03）.
^ Kenai Peninsula Wolf. FactRepublic. [2023-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-19）.
^ Goldman EA. 1944. Classification of wolves: part II. Pages 389– 636 in Young SP, Goldman EA, editors. The wolves of North America. Washington, D.C.: The American Wildlife Institute.
^ L. David Mech, The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species, The Natural History Press, 1970, Appendix A page 2
^ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Canis lupus alces Goldman, 1941.
^ Wozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (编). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005: 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. LCCN 2005001870. OCLC 62265494. NLC 001238428. url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576
^ Peterson, R.O. and J.D. Woolington. 1982. The apparent extirpation and reappearance of wolves on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Pages 334-344 in Harrington, F.H. and P.C. Paquet (eds.). Wolves of the world. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey. 474 pp
^ Palmer, L. J. 1938. Kenai Peninsula moose. Research Project Report, Bureau of Biological Survey-Sept.-Oct. 1938. Unpubl. report, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge files, 24 pp,typewritten
^ Effects of Increased Human Populations on. Wildlife Resources of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Edward E. Bangs. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1982 [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Charles Bergman. Wild Echoes: Encounters With the Most Endangered Animals in North America. University of Illinois Press. 2003: 256– [2021-02-02]. ISBN 978-0-252-07125-6. （原始内容存档于2020-08-02）.
^ Peterson, Rolf O., et al. “Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.” Wildlife Monographs, no. 88, 1984, pp. 3–52. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3830728. Accessed 3 Feb. 2021.
^ Sand Håkan, Wikenros Camilla, Wabakken Petter and Liberg Olof 2006Cross-continental differences in patterns of predation: will naive moose in Scandinavia ever learn?Proc. R. Soc. B.2731421–1427 http://doi.org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3447

[goldman1941-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Goldman, E. A. 1941 Sep 30. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 54: 109.

[2] Canis lupus alces Goldman, 1941. ITIS.

[3] Weckworth, Byron V.; Talbot, Sandra; Sage, George K.; Person, David K.; Cook, Joseph. A Signal for Independent Coastal and Continental histories among North American wolves (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 2005, 14 (4): 917–31 [2021-02-02]. PMID 15773925. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02461.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-19）.

[4] Fun Kenai Peninsula Wolf Facts For Kids. [2023-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-03）.

[5] Kenai Peninsula Wolf. lookseek. [2021-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-03）.

[6] Kenai Peninsula Wolf. FactRepublic. [2023-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-19）.

[7] Goldman EA. 1944. Classification of wolves: part II. Pages 389– 636 in Young SP, Goldman EA, editors. The wolves of North America. Washington, D.C.: The American Wildlife Institute.

[8] L. David Mech, The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species, The Natural History Press, 1970, Appendix A page 2

[9] Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Canis lupus alces Goldman, 1941.

[wozencraft2005-10] Wozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (编). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005: 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. LCCN 2005001870. OCLC 62265494. NLC 001238428. url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576

[11] Peterson, R.O. and J.D. Woolington. 1982. The apparent extirpation and reappearance of wolves on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Pages 334-344 in Harrington, F.H. and P.C. Paquet (eds.). Wolves of the world. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey. 474 pp

[12] Palmer, L. J. 1938. Kenai Peninsula moose. Research Project Report, Bureau of Biological Survey-Sept.-Oct. 1938. Unpubl. report, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge files, 24 pp,typewritten

[13] Effects of Increased Human Populations on. Wildlife Resources of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Edward E. Bangs. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1982 [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[bergman2003-14] Charles Bergman. Wild Echoes: Encounters With the Most Endangered Animals in North America. University of Illinois Press. 2003: 256– [2021-02-02]. ISBN 978-0-252-07125-6. （原始内容存档于2020-08-02）.

[15] Peterson, Rolf O., et al. “Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.” Wildlife Monographs, no. 88, 1984, pp. 3–52. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3830728. Accessed 3 Feb. 2021.

[16] Sand Håkan, Wikenros Camilla, Wabakken Petter and Liberg Olof 2006Cross-continental differences in patterns of predation: will naive moose in Scandinavia ever learn?Proc. R. Soc. B.2731421–1427 http://doi.org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3447

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]