菲律賓裔美國人
菲律賓裔美國人 Filipino Americans Mga Pilipinong Amerikano | |
---|---|
總人口 | |
菲律賓裔美國人人口統計 截至2010年超過400萬人[1] | |
分佈地區 | |
![]() | |
![]() | 1,474,707人[2] |
![]() | 342,095人[3] |
![]() | 139,090人[4] |
![]() | 137,713人[5] |
![]() | 137,083人[6] |
![]() | 126,793人[7] |
![]() | 126,129人[8] |
![]() | 123,891人[9] |
![]() | 122,691人[10] |
語言 | |
英语(美国英语、菲律賓英語)[11] 他加祿語 (菲律賓語)[11][12] 伊洛卡诺语、邦阿西楠語、邦板牙語、比科爾語、米沙鄢語(宿霧語、希利蓋農語、瓦瑞語、查瓦卡諾語)與其他菲律賓語言 日语、[11]菲律賓西班牙語、汉语(咱人话、菲律賓華語)(華裔菲律賓人)[13] | |
宗教信仰 | |
天主教、新教、佛教、無宗教 | |
相关族群 | |
海外菲律賓人 |
菲律賓裔美國人(英語:Filipino Americans,菲律賓語:Mga Pilipinong Amerikano)為祖先來自菲律賓的美國人,簡稱Fil-Am,部分人自稱皮諾伊,其歷史可追溯至16世紀[14],18世紀起美國開始出現菲律賓裔的聚落[15],1898年美西戰爭後西班牙與美國簽訂巴黎條約,將菲律賓割讓給美國後始有大量菲律賓人移民美國[16][17]。截至2018年,菲律賓裔美國人有約410萬人,在加利福尼亞州、夏威夷州、伊利諾州、德克薩斯州與紐約都會區均有大型聚落[18]。
背景
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/5ViewsOfStMaloLouisiana1883.jpg/220px-5ViewsOfStMaloLouisiana1883.jpg)
菲律賓水手為最早航行至美洲的亞洲人[19],早在1587年在今加利福尼亞州的莫羅貝即有菲律賓人出現的紀錄[20]。18世紀始有菲律賓裔的小型聚落[21],1763年西班牙治下的路易斯安那出現了第一個菲律賓人的長期聚落[22],在當地被稱為「馬尼拉人」(Manilamen),曾參加1812年戰爭末期的紐奧良戰役[23]。19世紀開始有菲律賓人在牧場工作[24]。1898年美西戰爭後西班牙與美國簽訂巴黎條約,將菲律賓割讓給美國後始有大量菲律賓人移民美國,1904年在聖路易舉辦的世界博覽會中即有展出菲律賓人[25][26]。1920年代又有許多菲律賓的非技術勞工為尋求工作機會而移民美國[27]。
1930年代菲律賓裔的移民潮一度下降,1946年菲律賓獨立後,移民至美國的菲律賓人持續增加[28],《1965年美國移民和國籍法案》後移民的菲律賓人大多為專業人士與技術工人[27]。2010年美國人口普查結果顯示全國有約340萬名菲律賓裔美國人[29],2011年美國國務院估計其人數應為400萬左右,約合美國人口的1.1%[30],是亞裔美國人中人數次多的,僅次於華裔美國人[31][32],也是海外菲律賓人中人數最多者[33]。
文化
菲律賓裔美國人的文化包括西方與東方的許多元素[34],他們會組成社群團體以維繫家庭般的歸屬感,此為菲律賓文化的特色之一[35],加州與夏威夷等菲裔較集中的地區有較緊密的社群[36],有些社群形成了菲裔住宅、商店集中的街區「小馬尼拉」[37],如洛杉磯的舊菲律賓城、舊金山的馬尼拉城[38]、戴利城(約四成人口為菲裔[39])與周邊城鎮、聖地牙哥的納雄耐爾城(約兩成人口為菲裔)[40]、紐約皇后區的伍德賽德(約15%人口為菲裔)[41]、紐澤西州的伯根菲爾德(約兩成人口為菲裔)[42]、夏威夷歐胡島的懷帕胡(超過一半人口為菲裔[43],建有菲律賓社區中心[44])等。
菲律賓裔美國人雖來自亞洲,但因曾為西班牙殖民地,有時也被視為(或自我認同為)拉丁裔[45][46],不過2017年的一項調查顯示僅有約1%的菲律賓裔美國人自認為「西裔」[47]。
語言
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tagalog_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Tagalog_USC2000_PHS.svg.png)
因菲律賓曾為美國統治,英語為菲律賓的官方語言之一,多數菲律賓人可流利使用英語[48][49],1990年的亞裔美國人中,菲律賓裔為語言隔閡最小的族群[50]。2003年菲律賓主要的語言他加祿語為美國使用人數排行第五的語言,共有126.2萬人使用[12],2011年已躍升為排行第四的語言[51],加州許多公告、文件都有他加祿語的版本[52],有些中學和大學也設有他加祿語課程[53]。其他菲律賓語言中,伊洛卡諾語為夏威夷除英文外使用人數第三多的語言,僅次於日語和他加祿語[54],也有些菲律賓裔家庭中使用宿霧語[55]、邦阿西楠語、希利蓋農語、邦板牙語、比科爾語與瓦瑞語[56],不過第二代、第三代的菲裔美國人常會失去菲律賓語言能力[57]。另外還有些华裔菲律宾人,移民后成为华裔美国人,使用漢語(咱人話)或西班牙語[13]。
宗教
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Philippine_Pastoral_Center_378_Broome_St_jeh.jpg/220px-Philippine_Pastoral_Center_378_Broome_St_jeh.jpg)
菲律賓裔天主教徒初到美國時常難以融入本地的天主教會[59][60],而建立了許多自己的天主教會[59][61],如洛杉磯的聖高隆邦菲律賓教堂(St. Columban Filipino Church)[62]與紐約的聖李樂倫小堂(得名自菲律賓第一位被封聖的聖徒李樂倫)[63]。1997年聖母無玷始胎國家朝聖地聖殿中設立了菲裔的禮拜堂[64]。
2010年菲律賓裔天主教徒為美國亞裔天主教徒中最大的群體,占超過75%[65]。2015年65%的菲律賓裔美國人自認為天主教徒(2004年則為68%[66])[67],第一代移民比在美國出生者更常參加彌撒[68]。
飲食
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jollibee_National_City.jpg/220px-Jollibee_National_City.jpg)
相較於菲律賓裔的人口比例,美國的菲律賓餐館並不多[69][70][71],餐館不是菲裔族群主要的經濟來源[72],即使在菲裔比例相當高的夏威夷歐胡島,菲律賓料理都不如其他亞洲料理普遍[73],有一項研究顯示菲律賓料理很少被列在食物頻率問卷中[74]。菲律賓料理不普及的可能原因包括殖民化心态[71]、定位不明確[71]、菲裔較習慣在家自煮或偏好其他類型的飲食等[70][75],不過菲律賓料理仍流行於菲裔族群間[76],有些為菲裔美國人設立的餐館和雜貨點,如知名的菲律賓速食餐館快樂蜂[69][77][78]。
2010年代起菲律賓餐館逐漸成長。2016年美食雜誌《Bon Appétit》將華盛頓特區的菲律賓餐館Bad Saint評為全美國第二名的新餐館[79],2018年《Food & Wine》雜誌將洛杉磯的菲律賓餐館Lasa列為年度最佳餐館之一[80],美食評論家安德魯·席莫認為菲律賓料理將成為美國料理的「下一波熱潮」(the next big thing)[81]。不過2017年《時尚 (Vogue)》雜誌曾形容菲律賓料理常被誤解與忽略[82],2019年《SF Weekly》雜誌形容菲律賓料理非主流、常被忽視、流行程度起伏不定[83]。
政治
菲律賓裔美國人(特別是隨第二波移民潮落腳美國者[84])傳統上為政治保守派[85],2004年美國總統選舉中投給喬治·沃克·布希者接近投給民主黨候選人約翰·福布斯·凱瑞者的兩倍[86],但2008年投給巴拉克·歐巴馬者有50%至58%,僅有42%至46%投給共和黨候選人約翰·馬侃[87][88],是菲律賓裔美國人首次在總統大選中偏向支持民主黨提名的候選人[89]。
因菲律賓裔美國人社群分散,菲裔候選人難以僅靠此族群的選票當選[90]。首位當選公職的菲裔美國人為彼得·阿杜加,於1954年當選夏威夷州眾議院議員[91]。近年來菲律賓裔參政人數逐漸增加,本·卡耶塔諾(民主黨籍)於1994年至2002年擔任夏威夷州州長,是首位擔任州長的菲裔美國人[92];內華達州參議員約翰·恩賽(共和黨籍)有八分之一的菲律賓血統;曾任俄亥俄州眾議員的史提夫·奧地利(共和黨籍)和加州眾議員T·J·考克斯(民主黨籍)也是菲裔美國人,均有一半菲律賓血統[93]。
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Some 76 percent of Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander Catholics are estimated to self-identify as Filipino (alone and in combinations with other identities).
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A pre-election survey of 840 active Filipino community leaders in America showed a strong shift of undecided registered voters towards the Obama camp in the last several weeks before the elections that gave Senator Barack Obama of Illinois a decisive 58–42 share of the Filipino vote.
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In 2008, 50 percent of the Filipino community voted for President Barack Obama (the Democrat candidate back then) while 46 percent voted for Republican Senator John McCain.
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Born in Walnut Creek, California to immigrant parents — his mother Perla De Castro from the Philippines, and half-Chinese father from China — Cox is among several congressional Filipino candidates who advanced to California’s general elections.
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