階級歧視

階級歧視（英語：Class discrimination）也称为階級主义（Classism）是指建基於社會階級的偏見和歧視。一切以犧牲下層階級的利益，來滿足上層階級的行為、態度、政治體系皆可歸入階級歧視當中^[1]。

歷史

前農業社會的階級結構相對簡單，但到了出現餘糧的農業文明，則變得更為複雜^[2]。自18世紀開始，階級歧視便已成為人們日常的一部分^[3]。

當代的階級歧視较难识别，因為階級結構已不再像以前般那麼僵化。心理學家托马斯·富勒-罗威尔（Thomas Fuller-Rowell）表示：阶级歧视的经历往往是較為含蓄不明顯的，很多受害者並不了解受到差別對待的真正原因」^[4]。

跟其他制度的關係

在美國，已有廣泛研究顯示學業環境當中出現了社經、種族、性別不平等的情況，不過這些因素會如何影響學童在學業或非學業上的表現則尚未明瞭^[5]。

結構性歧視和個人歧視

階級歧視除了涵蓋某人對於下層階級的歧視之外，還可以指一切擁有此一目的的結構性歧視，這類似於种族主义一詞的字意。結構性階級歧視指的是「在……社会的各种制度當中，有意或无意地表露出階級歧視的一切表現」^[6]。

人与人之间的社会地位差异就像社會階級般，一樣會影響他們如何對待或看待彼此。地位较高的人較少與較低者混在一起，且他們往往較能夠透過影響法律和社會標準，來控制他人的活動^[7]。

個人歧視的同義詞有人際歧視、態度歧視、態度性歧視^[8]。美国杂志媒体协会（Association of Magazine Media）則把階級歧視定義為「任何按照收入、职业、教育和/或经济狀況，來把人放在下位的态度或制度」^[9]。

部分研究會把階級歧視分作個人歧視、結構歧視、文化歧視三類^[10]。

媒體上的階級歧視

階級歧視可在電視節目、電影、社交媒體上表露出來。它是一種系統性現象^[11]，而且人們經常忽略媒體對於階級歧視的影響。媒体反映了人們對階級歧視的所知所想。而大眾有機會受到當中的階級歧視理念影響，认为现实也是如此。儿童可以能從电影上接触到阶级歧视的觀念，繼而受到影響^[12]^[13]。在塑造人們对於某些群体的看法這件事上，媒体的角色舉足輕重^[14]。民眾可以透過媒體接觸有關其他社會階級的資訊，或籍其影響其他人看待某個社會階級的方式^[15]^[16]。

參見

參考資料

^ Kadi, Joanna. Thinking Class. South End Press. 1996. ISBN 0-89608-548-1.
^ Peter N. Stearns (Narrator). A Brief History of the World Course No. 8080 [Audio CD]. The Teaching Company. ASIN B000W595CC.
^ Young, Serinity; Katie Cannon. Serinity Young , 编. Encyclopedia of Women and World Religion. Macmillan. 1999: 181 [2020-08-16]. ISBN 0028648609. （原始内容 (Print)存档于2021-04-21）.
^ Social-Class Discrimination Contributes to Poorer Health. Association of Psychological Science. 2012-06-18 [2019-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-17）.
^ Bécares, Laia; Priest, Naomi. Understanding the Influence of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Inequalities in Academic and Non-Academic Outcomes among Eighth-Grade Students: Findings from an Intersectionality Approach. PLOS ONE. 2015-10-27, 10 (10): e0141363 [2020-09-21]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4624767 . PMID 26505623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141363. （原始内容存档于2018-08-07）.
^ Classism Definitions. gustavus.edu. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-13）.
^ Social Class Prejudice. Encyclopedia.com. [2019-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-27）.
^ Langhout, Regina Day; Rosselli, Francine; Feinstein, Jonathan, Assessing Classism in Academic Settings, The Review of Higher Education, 2007, 30 (2): 145–184 [2020-09-21], doi:10.1353/rhe.2006.0073, （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）
^ "Glossary".互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2012-03-09.
^ Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne; Griffin, Pat (编). Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice 2nd. Routledge. 2007: 317. ISBN 978-0-415-95199-9.
^ Gamble, Matt. Classism: America's Overlooked Problem. The Rutgers Review. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-30）.
^ Streib, Jessi. Class Inequality in Children's Movies. Class Action. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-21）.
^ Suttie, Jill. How Adults Communicate Bias to Children. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-21）.
^ Burke, Krista. Media Portrayal of Individuals in the Lower Class. Digital Commons. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-22）.
^ Race & Ethnicity. criticalmediaproject.org. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-02）.
^ Classism, Accountability, and Social Media. blogs.harvard.edu. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-13）.

延伸閲讀

Bowker, Geoffrey C., and Susan Leigh Star. Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. MIT Press, 1999.
Capuano, Angelo. Giving Meaning to 'Social Origin' in International Labour Organization ('ILO') Conventions, the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth): 'Class' Discrimination and Its Relevance to the Australian Context (PDF). [2020-08-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-02-18）. (2016) 39(1) University of New South Wales Law Journal 84.
A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn
Hill, Marcia, and Esther Rothblum. Classism and Feminist Therapy: Counting Costs. New York: Haworth Press, 1996.
hooks, bell. Where we stand: class matters. New York & London: Routledge, 2000.
Gans, Herbert. The War Against the Poor, 1996.
Homan, Jacqueline S. Classism For Dimwits. Pennsylvania: Elf Books, 2007/2009.
Packard, Vance. Status Seekers, 1959.
Beegle, Donna M. See Poverty - Be the Difference, 2009.
Leondar-Wright, Betsy. Class Matters: Cross-Class Alliance Building for Middle-Class Activists: New Society Publishers, 2005.

[Kadi-1] Kadi, Joanna. Thinking Class. South End Press. 1996. ISBN 0-89608-548-1.

[2] Peter N. Stearns (Narrator). A Brief History of the World Course No. 8080 [Audio CD]. The Teaching Company. ASIN B000W595CC.

[3] Young, Serinity; Katie Cannon. Serinity Young , 编. Encyclopedia of Women and World Religion. Macmillan. 1999: 181 [2020-08-16]. ISBN 0028648609. （原始内容 (Print)存档于2021-04-21）.

[APS-4] Social-Class Discrimination Contributes to Poorer Health. Association of Psychological Science. 2012-06-18 [2019-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-17）.

[5] Bécares, Laia; Priest, Naomi. Understanding the Influence of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Inequalities in Academic and Non-Academic Outcomes among Eighth-Grade Students: Findings from an Intersectionality Approach. PLOS ONE. 2015-10-27, 10 (10): e0141363 [2020-09-21]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4624767 . PMID 26505623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141363. （原始内容存档于2018-08-07）.

[6] Classism Definitions. gustavus.edu. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-13）.

[7] Social Class Prejudice. Encyclopedia.com. [2019-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-27）.

[8] Langhout, Regina Day; Rosselli, Francine; Feinstein, Jonathan, Assessing Classism in Academic Settings, The Review of Higher Education, 2007, 30 (2): 145–184 [2020-09-21], doi:10.1353/rhe.2006.0073, （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）

[9] "Glossary".互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2012-03-09.

[10] Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne; Griffin, Pat (编). Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice 2nd. Routledge. 2007: 317. ISBN 978-0-415-95199-9.

[11] Gamble, Matt. Classism: America's Overlooked Problem. The Rutgers Review. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-30）.

[12] Streib, Jessi. Class Inequality in Children's Movies. Class Action. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-21）.

[13] Suttie, Jill. How Adults Communicate Bias to Children. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-21）.

[14] Burke, Krista. Media Portrayal of Individuals in the Lower Class. Digital Commons. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-22）.

[15] Race & Ethnicity. criticalmediaproject.org. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-02）.

[16] Classism, Accountability, and Social Media. blogs.harvard.edu. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-13）.

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