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Peter Norman
File:Peter Norman.jpg
個人資料
本名Peter George Norman
出生(1942-06-15)1942年6月15日
Coburg（英語：Coburg, Victoria）, Victoria, Australia
逝世2006年10月3日(2006歲—10—03)（64歲）
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
身高1.78米（5英尺10英寸）
體重73公斤（161磅）
運動
國家／地區 澳大利亞
運動Athletics
項目Sprint
俱樂部East Melbourne Harriers[1]
20.06 s (200 m, 1968)[1]
成績與頭銜
獎牌記錄
代表  澳大利亞
Olympic Games
銀牌 - 第二名 1968 Mexico City 200 metres（英語：Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics）
Commonwealth Games
銅牌 - 第三名 1966 Kingston（英語：1966 Commonwealth Games） 4×110 yards（英語：Athletics at the 1966 Commonwealth Games）

Peter George Norman (15 June 1942 – 3 October 2006) was an Australian track athlete. He won the silver medal in the 200 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, with a time of 20.06 seconds which remains the Oceanian 200 metres record（英語：List of Oceanian records in athletics）.[2] He was a five-time Australian 200 m champion.[3]

He is the third athlete pictured in a famous photograph of the 1968 Olympics Black Power salute（英語：1968 Olympics Black Power salute） during the medal ceremony for the 200-metre event, where he wore a badge of the Olympic Project for Human Rights（英語：Olympic Project for Human Rights） in support of fellow athletes John Carlos（英語：John Carlos） and Tommie Smith（英語：Tommie Smith）. Norman faced backlash in Australia for his part in the protest, and was not selected for the following 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich despite qualifying (a claim disputed by the Australian Olympic Committee). He retired from the sport soon after.[4]

Life and career

Early life

Norman grew up in a devout Salvation Army family[5] living in Coburg（英語：Coburg, Victoria）, a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria. Initially an apprentice butcher, Norman later became a teacher, and worked for the Victorian Department of Sport and Recreation towards the end of his life.[6]

During his athletics career Norman was coached by Neville Sillitoe（英語：Neville Sillitoe）.[5]

1968 Summer Olympics

主條目：Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres和1968 Olympics Black Power salute
The Black Power salute by John Carlos（英語：John Carlos） (right) and Tommie Smith（英語：Tommie Smith）. Norman (left) wears an OPHR（英語：Olympic Project for Human Rights） badge in solidarity with them.

The 200 metres event at the 1968 Olympics started on 15 October and finished on 16 October; Norman won his heat in a time of 20.17 seconds, which was briefly an Olympic record.[7] He won his quarter-final and was second in the semi-final.

On the morning of 16 October, US athlete Tommie Smith（英語：Tommie Smith） won the 200-metre final with a world-record time of 19.83 seconds.[8][9] Norman finished second in a time of 20.06 s, after catching and eventually passing U.S. athlete John Carlos（英語：John Carlos） at the finish line. Carlos finished in third place in 20.10 s. Norman's time was his all-time personal best[1] and an Australian record that still stands.

After the race, the three athletes went to the medal podium for their medals to be presented by David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter（英語：David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter）. On the podium, during the playing of "The Star-Spangled Banner", Smith and Carlos famously joined in a Black Power salute. This salute was later described in Tommie Smith's autobiography as a Human Rights salute, not a Black Power salute.

Norman wore a badge on the podium in support of the Olympic Project for Human Rights（英語：Olympic Project for Human Rights） (OPHR). After the final, Carlos and Smith had told Norman what they were planning to do during the ceremony. As journalist Martin Flanagan（英語：Martin Flanagan (journalist)） wrote: "They asked Norman if he believed in human rights. He said he did. They asked him if he believed in God. Norman, who came from a Salvation Army background, said he believed strongly in God. We knew that what we were going to do was far greater than any athletic feat. He said, 'I'll stand with you'. Carlos said he expected to see fear in Norman's eyes. He didn't; 'I saw love.'"[10] On the way to the medal ceremony, Norman saw the OPHR badge being worn by Paul Hoffman（英語：Paul Hoffman (Rowing)）, a white member of the US Rowing Team, and asked him if he could wear it.[11] It was Norman who suggested that Smith and Carlos share the black gloves used in their salute, after Carlos left his pair at the Olympic Village.[4] This is the reason for Smith raising his right fist, while Carlos raised his left.

Later career

Before the 1968 Olympics, Norman was a trainer for West Brunswick（英語：Brunswick, Victoria） Australian rules football club as a way of keeping fit over winter during the athletic circuit's off season. After 1968 he played 67 games for West Brunswick from 1972 to 1977 before coaching an under 19 team in 1978.

In 1985, Norman contracted gangrene after tearing his Achilles tendon during a charity race, which nearly led to his leg being amputated. Depression, heavy drinking and pain killer addiction followed.[12]

Treatment after 1968

After the salute, it has been claimed that Norman's career suffered greatly. A 2012 CNN profile said that "he returned home to Australia a pariah, suffering unofficial sanction and ridicule as the Black Power salute's forgotten man. He never ran in the Olympics again."[13] He was not selected for the Olympic Games in Munich in 1972 despite turning in adequate times, and was not welcomed even three decades later at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.[14][15][16] Carlos later stated that "If we [Carlos and Smith] were getting beat up, Peter was facing an entire country and suffering alone."[15][16]

The Australian Olympic Committee maintains that Norman was not selected for the 1972 Olympics because he did not meet the selection standard which entailed an athlete equalling or bettering the Olympic qualifying standard (20.9)[17] and performing creditably at the Australian Athletics Championships（英語：Australian Athletics Championships）.[18] Norman ran several qualifying times from 1969-1971[19] but he finished third in the 1972 Australian Athletics Championships（英語：Australian Athletics Championships） behind Greg Lewis（英語：Greg Lewis (sprinter)） and Gary Eddy（英語：Gary Eddy） in a time of 21.6.[19]

Contemporary reports show mixed opinion on whether Norman should have been sent to the Munich Olympics. After coming third in the trials, Norman commented: "All I had to do was to win, even in a slow time, and I think I would have been off to Munich".[20] The Age correspondent wrote Norman "probably ran himself out of the team at the National titles"; but also noted he was injured; and continued, "If the selectors do the right thing, Norman should still be on the plane to Munich."[20] On the other hand, Australasian Amateur Athletics' magazine stated "The dilemma for selectors here was how could they select Norman and not Lewis. Pity that Peter did not win because that would have been the only requirement for a Munich ticket".[21]

2012 Parliamentary apology

In August 2012, the Australian Parliament debated a motion to provide a posthumous apology to Norman.[22][23][24] On 11 October 2012 the Australian House of Representatives passed the wording of an official apology that read:[25]

In a 2012 interview, Carlos said:[26]

Apology claims disputed

The Australian Olympic Committee has disputed the claims made in the Australian Parliament apology about Norman paying a price in supporting Carlos and Smith. The AOC made the following comments:

  • In the lead-up to the 2000 Sydney Olympics, the AOC stated "Norman was involved in numerous Olympic events in his home city of Melbourne. He announced several teams for the AOC in Melbourne and was on the stage in his Mexico 1968 blazer congratulating athletes. He was acknowledged as an Olympian and the AOC valued his contribution."[27] Due to cost considerations, the AOC did not have the resources to bring all Australian Olympians to Sydney, and Norman was offered the same chance to buy tickets as other Australian Olympians. The AOC did not believe that Norman was owed an apology.[30]

It has been stated that United States authorities invited him to participate in the 2000 Sydney Olympics after they found out he was not attending.[31] On 17 October 2003, San Jose State University unveiled a statue commemorating the 1968 Olympic protest; Norman was not included as part of the statue itself – his empty podium spot intended for others viewing the statue to "take a stand" – but was invited to deliver a speech at the ceremony.[6]

Death

Norman died of a heart attack on 3 October 2006 in Melbourne at the age of 64.[11] The US Track and Field Federation（英語：USA Track & Field） proclaimed 9 October 2006, the date of his funeral, as Peter Norman Day. Thirty-eight years after the three made history, both Smith and Carlos gave eulogies（英語：eulogy） and were pallbearers at Norman's funeral.[6] At the time of his death, Norman was survived by his second wife, Jan, and their daughters Belinda and Emma, his first wife, Ruth, and children Gary, Sandra and Janita and four grandchildren.[5]

Competitive record

International competitions

年 賽事 舉辦城市 名次 項目 記錄
1962 Commonwealth Games（英語：Athletics at the 1962 Commonwealth Games） Perth, Australia 6th S/F 1 ; 12/43 220 yards 21.8(22.03)(−2.8)
1966 Commonwealth Games（英語：Athletics at the 1966 Commonwealth Games） Kingston, Jamaica 6th Q/F ; 29/54 100 yards 10.2(10.27)(−5.0)
6th S/F 1 ; 10/56 220 yards 21.2(0.0)
3rd 4×110 yards 40.0
5th 4×440 yards 3:12.2
1968 Olympic Games（英語：Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics） Mexico City, Mexico 2nd 200 m 20.0 (20.06)(+0.9)
1969 Pacific Conference Games（英語：1969 Pacific Conference Games） Tokyo, Japan 4th 100 m 10.8(−0.1)
1st 200 m 21.0(−0.1)
1st 4 × 100 m 40.8
1970 Commonwealth Games（英語：Athletics at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games） Edinburgh, Scotland 5th 200 m 20.86(+1.7)
DNF Heat1 ; 14th 4 × 100 m Dropped baton

[32]

National championships

年 賽事 舉辦城市 名次 項目 記錄
1965/66 Australian Championships（英語：Australian Athletics Championships） Perth, Western Australia 1st 200 m 20.9 (−1.2)
1966/67 Australian Championships（英語：Australian Athletics Championships） Adelaide, South Australia 1st 200 m 21.3
1967/68 Australian Championships（英語：Australian Athletics Championships） Sydney, New South Wales 1st 200 m 20.5 (0.0)
1968/69 Australian Championships（英語：Australian Athletics Championships） Melbourne, Victoria 2nd 100 m 10.6 (−0.5)
1st 200 m 21.3 (−3.1)
1969/70 Australian Championships（英語：Australian Athletics Championships） Adelaide, South Australia 1st 200 m 21.0 (−2.1)
1971/72 Australian Championships（英語：Australian Athletics Championships） Perth, Western Australia 3rd 200 m 21.6

[32]

Legacy

Norman's nephew Matt Norman（英語：Matt Norman (director)） directed and produced a cinema-released documentary, Salute (2008), about the three runners, which was released by Paramount Pictures and Transmission Films. Paul Byrnes, in his Sydney Morning Herald review of Salute, said that the documentary makes it clear why Norman stood with the other two athletes. Byrnes writes, "He was a devout Christian, raised in the Salvation Army [and] believed passionately in equality for all, regardless of colour, creed or religion—the Olympic code".[33] In October 2018, Matt Norman with the help of journalist Andrew Webster released his uncle's official biography The Peter Norman Story.

An airbrush mural of the trio on podium was painted in 2000 in the inner-city suburb of Newtown in Sydney.[A 1] Silvio Offria, who allowed an artist known only as "Donald" to paint the mural on his house in Leamington Lane, said that Norman came to see the mural, "He came and had his photo taken, he was very happy."[34] The monochrome tribute, captioned "THREE PROUD PEOPLE MEXICO 68", was under threat of demolition in 2010 to make way for a rail tunnel[34] but is now listed as an item of heritage significance.[35]

Recognition

References

Annotations
  1. ^ 39 Pine Street, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
Footnotes
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Peter Norman. sports-reference.com
  2. ^ Carlson 2006
  3. ^ Associated Press 2006
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Frost 2008
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hurst, Mike. Peter Norman's Olympic statement. Courier Mail（英語：The Courier Mail）. 8 Oct 2006 [10 January 2014]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hawker 2008
  7. ^ Irwin 2012
  8. ^ Athletics at the 1968 Ciudad de México Summer Games: Men's 200 metres. sports-reference.com
  9. ^ New Scientist 1981，第285頁
  10. ^ Flanagan 2006
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Hurst 2006
  12. ^ Johnstone & Norman 2008
  13. ^ CNN, By James Montague,. The third man: The forgotten Black Power hero - CNN. 
  14. ^ Georgakis, Steve. 'I will stand with you': finally, an apology to Peter Norman. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Vincent, Donovan. The forgotten story behind the ‘black power’ photo from 1968 Olympics. 7 August 2016 –透過Toronto Star. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Divided by their colour, united by the cause. 1 August 2016. 
  17. ^ IOC Releases 1972 Olympic Standards. Track and Field News. May 1971: 24. 
  18. ^ A sprint hope who ran foul of Olympic starters gun. National Times (3–8 April 1972 p.28). 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Messenger, Robert. Leigh sprints into wrong lane over Norman. Sydney Morning Herald. 24 August 2012 [12 November 2015]. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Peter may have lost team place (PDF). The Age. 27 March 1972 [12 November 2015]. 
  21. ^ National Championships - 24-25 March 1972, Perry Lakes Stadium, Perth. Australasian Amateur Athletics. April 1972: 2–3. 
  22. ^ The Daily Telegraph 2012
  23. ^ Australian Associated Press 2012
  24. ^ Whiteman 2012
  25. ^ Parliament of Australia 2012，第1865頁
  26. ^ Carlos & Eastley 2012
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Peter Norman not shunned by AOC. Australian Olympic Committee News, 6 November 2015. [12 November 2015]. 
  28. ^ IOC Releases 1972 Olympic Standards. Track and Field News. May 1971: 24. 
  29. ^ A sprint hope who ran foul of Olympic starters gun. National Times (3–8 April 1972 p.28). 
  30. ^ Whiteman, Hilary. Apology urged for Australian Olympian in 1968 black power protest. CNN. 21 August 2012 [2 September 2015]. 
  31. ^ Schembri 2008
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 Peter Norman. athhistory.imgstg.com. Australia Athletics Historical Results. [26 March 2015]. 
  33. ^ Byrnes, Paul. Salute. Sydney Morning Herald. 17 July 2008 [10 January 2014]. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Tovey 2010
  35. ^ City of Sydney 2010，第27頁
  36. ^ Aussie sprinter who stood on podium during 1968 black-power salute to be recognised. Stuff (Fairfax). 28 April 2018. 
  37. ^ Peter Norman Statue to be built. Athletics Australia website. [9 October 2018]. 
References
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