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薰衣草油

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薰衣草油,裝在玻璃瓶中

薰衣草油(英語:Lavender oil,CAS號:8000-28-0)是通過蒸餾某些薰衣草品種的花穗獲得的精油。不同的品種提取出的薰衣草油有着不同的香氣:提取自狹葉薰衣草(又名真薰衣草、英國薰衣草)的薰衣草油(lavender flower oil)有着清甜的花香,提取自寬葉薰衣草(又名穗狀薰衣草、穗花薰衣草)的穗狀薰衣草油(lavender spike oil)在清香中帶有清涼的草藥香,寬窄葉雜交薰衣草(又名醒目薰衣草[1])的精油香氣則介於兩者之間。[2][3]

與所有精油一樣,薰衣草油不是純淨的單一化合物,而是複雜的植物性化合物的混合物,精油成分也因薰衣草的品種而異。[4]狹葉薰衣草精油的主要成分包括乙酸芳樟醇芳樟醇,而穗狀薰衣草油的主要成分包括芳樟醇、桉葉油醇樟腦[4]

生產

薰衣草油是通過水蒸氣蒸餾法生產的。[5][6]這種方法減少了極性化合物的損失,與其他方法相比能產生更多的精油。[7]薰衣草花的收穫期通常在六月下旬至八月之間。[8]剪下的薰衣草花序被壓入薰衣草蒸餾器中,水蒸汽從蒸餾器底部進入加熱薰衣草。[5]油腺在加熱過程中破裂,釋放出的薰衣草油汽化與水蒸汽一起上升,在上方的冷管上凝結成液體,被收集到儲罐中。[5]由於水和薰衣草油有着不同的極性和密度,兩者不互溶,會在儲罐中分層,將水從管道排出,即得到薰衣草油。[5][9]

薰衣草油在世界各地都有生產,其中保加利亞、法國和中國的產量領先。[10][11]

用途

薰衣草油被用於香水芳香療法皮膚塗抹[12]但這些用法沒有臨床益處。[13]薰衣草油用於按摩療法,通過直接接觸皮膚使人放鬆,但可能會發生過敏反應[13]目前沒有充分的證據支持使用薰衣草油治療失智症[14]

2021年的一項薈萃分析包括五項針對焦慮症患者的研究,這五項研究均由所用薰衣草油膠囊的製造商資助,其中四項研究是由薈萃分析的一位作者進行,[15] 不清楚它們是否是盲法試驗[16]這項分析顯示,每天口服80毫克薰衣草油與漢密爾頓焦慮評定量表上的焦慮評分降低相關。[15]根據國家補充與替代醫學中心英語National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health的說法,由於這些研究的局限性,口服薰衣草油治療焦慮症的有效性仍不確定。[13]

在蒸餾松節油普及之前,穗狀薰衣草油曾被用作油畫溶劑[17]

可能的不良影響

儘管人們普遍認為薰衣草油對其預期用途是安全的[18]但它是一種潛在的內分泌干擾物,持續接觸可能會影響女孩和男孩的乳房發育。[19]

包括薰衣草油在內的許多精油,如果服用都有毒性。[20][21]一般來說,服用5毫升的稀釋精油可能會導致成人中毒,2-3毫升可能會導致兒童中毒。[22] 2014-2018年,新南威爾斯州報告了271起薰衣草油中毒病例,佔所有精油中毒病例的6.1%,中毒者大多數是兒童。[21]

薰衣草油的主要有毒成分是乙酸芳樟酯芳樟醇[20][23]

攝入薰衣草油中毒的症狀包括視力模糊、呼吸困難、喉嚨灼痛、眼睛灼傷、神志不清、意識水平下降、腹瀉、胃痛、嘔吐和皮疹。[20]局部塗抹薰衣草油可能會引起接觸性皮炎[22]

攝入的薰衣草油可能會與處方藥發生相互作用,包括抗凝劑他汀類藥物抗癲癇藥物[24]

化學成分

薰衣草油的植物性化合物成分因品種而異,主要由單萜倍半萜醇組成。[24]主要是芳樟醇(20-35%)和乙酸芳樟酯(30-55%),並有中等水平的乙酸薰衣草酯、4-松油醇、薰衣草醇桉葉油醇樟腦檸烯單寧[24]薰衣草油通常含有100多種化合物,儘管其中許多化合物的濃度可以忽略不計。[24][25]

通過色譜法得到的薰衣草精油的成分: [4]

成分 狹葉薰衣草 寬葉薰衣草
萜烯/單萜醇
芳樟醇
28.92 % 49.47 %
α-松油醇 0.90% 1.08%
γ-松油醇 0.09%
冰片 1.43%
異冰片 0.82%
4-松油醇 4.32%
橙花醇 0.20%
薰衣草醇 0.78%
萜烯/萜烯酯
乙酸芳樟酯
32.98 %
乙酸香葉酯 0.60%
乙酸橙花酯 0.32%
乙酸蘑菇酯 0.65%
乙酸薰衣草酯 4.52%
萜烯/單萜 月桂烯 0.46% 0.41%
α-蒎烯 0.54%
β-蒎烯 0.33%
莰烯 0.30%
( E )-β-羅勒烯 3.09%
( Z )-β-羅勒烯 4.44%
β-水芹烯 0.12%
萜烯/萜類氧化物
桉葉油醇
25.91 %
萜烯/倍半萜烯 β-石竹烯 4.62% 2.10%
β-金合歡烯 2.73%
β-月桂烯 0.27%
α-葎草烯 0.28%
酮類
樟腦
0.85% 13:00 %
3-辛酮 0.72%

隱品酮(Cryptone)
0.35%

參考

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