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開央不圓唇元音

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(重定向自开央不圆唇元音
開央不圓唇元音
ä
ɑ̈
ɐ̞
IPA編號304 415
編碼
HTML碼(十進制)a​̈
Unicode碼(十六進制)U+0061 U+0308
X-SAMPA音標a_"a_-A_"6_o
音頻範例

開央不圓唇元音低央不圓唇元音元音的一种,用于一些口语当中。国际音标没有特定的字母表示介于前音[a]和后音[ɑ]之间的元音,通常以a表示。若要加以严格区分,则使用附加符号标明,诸如央元音化的ä或音位偏后的,但并不通用。

直至最近,字母a仍在非官方场合下用于央元音,并被大量用于现有语音学上的标示。因此常使用[a]表示央元音,并近似开前元音,若有必要,则使用[æ],非正式情况下当作次开元音。此外,汉语言学界会用非官方符号(小型大写字母A)。国际语音学协会2011–2012年投票否决了这个非官方的音标符号。[1]

特徵

  • 圓唇度不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。

注释

  1. ^ Keating (2012:245頁)

参考资料

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  • Hillenbrand, James M., American English: Southern Michigan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221 
  • Ikekeonwu, Clara, Igbo, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: 108–110, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1 
  • Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 
  • Keating, Patricia A., IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2012, 42 (2): 245 [2014-04-06], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000114, (原始内容存档于2012-11-11), with only 15 of 30 members voting [by email], the vote was 8 in favor, 7 against. [...] With all 30 members of the Council voting [again six months later], the resolution was defeated: 17 no, 12 yes, 1 abstention. The IPA will therefore not be adding a symbol for this vowel to the alphabet or chart. 
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles, The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, 2006, ISBN 3-11-016746-8 
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  • Lass, Roger, South African English, Mesthrie, Rajend (编), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780521791052 
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  • Mangold, Max, Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden: 37, 2005, ISBN 9783411040667 
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 
  • Okada, Hideo, Japanese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1991, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X 
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
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  • Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 
  • Verhoeven, Jo, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173 
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  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 

延伸阅读

  • Barry, William; Trouvain, Jürgen, Do we need a symbol for a central open vowel?, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (3): 349–357