File:Bengal arum - Unknown - 19 1927 2 21.jpg
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原始檔案 (1,690 × 2,480 像素,檔案大小:2.27 MB,MIME 類型:image/jpeg)
摘要
Bengal arum
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作家 |
Unknown Indian artist |
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標題 |
Bengal arum |
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描述 |
Most of the parts of this arum (Typhonium trilobatum) are used in traditional medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, the rhizome is used for treating vomiting, cough, asthma, headache, gastric ulcer, abscesses and snake bites. It has been investigated for its anti-microbial properties. This painting is part of local amateur botanist Richard Cresswell’s (1815-1882) collection. It is one of 86 Indian paintings (mostly botanical) and dates to the early 1800s. Many of the plants depicted in this collection were known for their use in Ayurvedic medicine. One of the world’s oldest medicinal systems, it has been practised in India for 3,000 years. Between the late 18th and mid-19th centuries, the British East India Company extended its control over much of the Indian subcontinent. Keen to exploit and export valuable natural commodities, the Company set out to record the flora and fauna of India. It commissioned Indian artists to create detailed illustrations but officials rarely recorded their names. British scientists supervised the work and paper from England, made by companies such as Whatman, was imported for use. The East India Company relied on Indian practitioners to help treat its officials as often the diseases they contracted had not been encountered before and western medicine proved ineffective. It also saw opportunity to export the plants used in medicine, and for food, dyes and timber, for huge profit exploiting India’s traditional knowledge systems and natural resources. Responding to British patronage, Indian artists developed a new style of painting, mixing Indian and European traditions. This has come to be known as the ‘Company School’ art and these paintings belong to that broad tradition. It was common for officials (who were not employed as medics or botanists) to build their own personal collections of paintings. The flora and fauna depicted was sometimes from their own gardens and menageries. We cannot be sure how Richard Cresswell came by this collection of Company School works. It is plausible they came to him via his wife’s family. Frances Creighton (1821-1904) was born in Bengal where her father, Robert (1797-1827), was a judge. Research suggests that his father was Henry Creighton (1764-1807). Charles Grant, a senior Company official, appointed Henry manager of an indigo factory at Guamalati. He is best known for his research and paintings on the ruins at Gaur. It is possible Henry commissioned the botanical drawings and they were passed down through the family. However, research has not yet uncovered any evidence for this connection. 17 of the 86 works have attributions on the reverse. These three artists, Sheikh Zain al-din, Ram Das and Bhawani Das, are known to have worked for Lady Mary Impey, wife of Sir Elijah Impey the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Calcutta. There is also evidence that they worked for Anna Maria Jones, the wife Sir William Jones, after the Impeys returned to Britain. |
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日期 |
1933年 date QS:P571,+1933-00-00T00:00:00Z/9 |
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尺寸 | 543 x 380mm | |||||||||||||||||||||||
藏於 |
institution QS:P195,Q7373646 |
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目前所在位置 |
Fine Art |
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登錄號 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
創作地點 | Calcutta | |||||||||||||||||||||||
取得方式/備註 | Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery | |||||||||||||||||||||||
題字 |
HERB. MUS. EXON. CRESSWELL COLLECTION No 20 |
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來源/攝影者 | Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery | |||||||||||||||||||||||
授權許可 (重用此檔案) |
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授權條款
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http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.enCC0Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedicationfalsefalse |
說明
著作權狀態 繁體中文 (已轉換拼寫)
保有知識產權並由其所有者公開於公有領域 繁體中文 (已轉換拼寫)
攝影器材 繁體中文 (已轉換拼寫)
佳能 EOS 5D Mark II 中文 (已轉換拼寫)
檔案歷史
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日期/時間 | 縮圖 | 尺寸 | 用戶 | 備註 | |
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目前 | 2024年5月23日 (四) 14:45 | ![]() | 1,690 × 2,480(2.27 MB) | NowMesPetits | pattypan 22.03 |
檔案用途
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詮釋資料
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影像標題 |
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相機製造商 | Canon |
相機型號 | Canon EOS 5D Mark II |
版權所有人 |
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曝光時間 | 1/50 秒 (0.02) |
光圈值 | f/11 |
ISO 速率 | 50 |
資料產生的日期時間 | 2016年10月17日 (一) 10:47 |
焦距 | 90毫米 |
來源 | Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery |
使用條款 |
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寬度 | 3,382 px |
高度 | 4,963 px |
每像素位元 |
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壓縮方式 | 未壓縮 |
像素合成 | RGB |
方位 | 標準 |
像素數量 | 3 |
水平解析度 | 300 dpi |
垂直解析度 | 300 dpi |
資料排列 | 矮胖格式 |
使用軟體 | Adobe Photoshop Elements 14.0 (Windows) |
檔案修改日期時間 | 2023年12月22日 (五) 15:47 |
曝光模式 | 手動 |
Exif 版本 | 2.2 |
數位化的日期時間 | 2016年10月17日 (一) 10:47 |
APEX 快門速度 | 5.625 |
APEX 光圈 | 7 |
APEX 曝光補償 | 0 |
主體距離 | 0 尺 |
測光模式 | 點測 |
閃光燈 | 閃光燈未開啟、強制閃光燈關閉 |
色彩空間 | 顏色未校準 |
焦平面解析度單位 | 英寸 |
檔案來源 | 數位相機 |
場景類型 | 直接照像圖片 |
曝光模式 | 手動曝光 |
白平衡 | 手動白平衡 |
相機序號 | 1931201551 |
使用鏡頭 | TS-E90mm f/2.8 |
詮釋資料最後修改日期 | 2024年4月18日 (四) 11:50 |
原始文件唯一識別碼 | xmp.did:0180117407206811910993AD5325AFD8 |
版權狀態 | 版權狀態不明 |
IIM 版本 | 4 |