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嚼烟

维基百科,自由的百科全书
美国红人牌嚼烟及丹麦Oliver Twist嚼烟

嚼烟(英语:Chewing tobacco),又作嚼烟,一种供口嚼的烟草产品,使用方式为将一块嚼烟,放入口中咀嚼,就如吃口香糖槟榔一样。咀嚼时,嚼烟会释出香味及尼古丁,这些成分会经由口腔黏膜吸收到人体中,咀嚼后的嚼烟会被吐掉。

嚼烟最早起源于美洲原住民,现仍流行于美国及欧洲。美国品牌的嚼烟,一般以雪茄烟叶制成。由于烟草本身含有许多致癌物质,医学界认为嚼烟可导致口腔癌,牙龈萎缩等。

嚼烟是尼古丁的来源之一,因此很容易上瘾,[1]戒掉咀嚼烟草与戒烟一样具有挑战性。[2]

使用咀嚼烟草会导致多种有害影响,如牙医疾病、口腔癌、食道癌、胰脏癌、冠状动脉心脏病,以及对生殖的负面影响,包括死产、早产和低出生体重。[3][4]咀嚼烟草比传统燃烧产品带来的健康风险更低。[5]然而,它并不是吸烟的健康替代品,[6]不同类型的产品和产地的风险程度各不相同,[7][8]咀嚼烟草没有安全的使用水准。[6]在全球范围内,咀嚼烟草每年导致 65 万人死亡。[9]

相关条目

  1. ^ Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2016, 23 (18): 1970–1981 [2024-07-01]. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 27256827. S2CID 206820997. doi:10.1177/2047487316654026. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-06-01). 
  2. ^ Lipari, R. N; Van Horn, S. L. Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use and Initiation: 2002 to 2014. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 31 May 2017. PMID 28636307. 公有领域 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容。
  3. ^ Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2016, 23 (18): 1970–1981 [2024-07-01]. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 27256827. S2CID 206820997. doi:10.1177/2047487316654026. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-06-01). 
  4. ^ Gupta, Ruchika; Gupta, Sanjay; Sharma, Shashi; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Mehrotra, Ravi. Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2019-01-01, 21 (1): 25–31 [2024-07-01]. ISSN 1469-994X. PMC 6941711可免费查阅. PMID 29325111. doi:10.1093/ntr/nty002. (原始内容存档于2024-05-31) (英语). 
  5. ^ Hajat, C.; Stein, E.; Ramstrom, L.; Shantikumar, S.; Polosa, R. The health impact of smokeless tobacco products: a systematic review. Harm Reduction Journal. 4 December 2021, 18 (1): 123. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 8643012可免费查阅. PMID 34863207. doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00557-6可免费查阅 (英语). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Lipari, R. N; Van Horn, S. L. Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use and Initiation: 2002 to 2014. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 31 May 2017. PMID 28636307. 公有领域 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容。
  7. ^ Abrams, David B.; Glasser, Allison M.; Pearson, Jennifer L.; Villanti, Andrea C.; Collins, Lauren K.; Niaura, Raymond S. Harm Minimization and Tobacco Control: Reframing Societal Views of Nicotine Use to Rapidly Save Lives. Annual Review of Public Health. 2018, 39 (1): 193–213. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 6942997可免费查阅. PMID 29323611. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013849可免费查阅. 
     本条目含有来自此处的文本,作者为David B. Abrams, Allison M. Glasser, Jennifer L. Pearson, Andrea C. Villanti, Lauren K. Collins, and Raymond S. Niaura,以CC BY 4.0授权条款释出。
  8. ^ Hajat, C.; Stein, E.; Ramstrom, L.; Shantikumar, S.; Polosa, R. The health impact of smokeless tobacco products: a systematic review. Harm Reduction Journal. 4 December 2021, 18 (1): 123. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 8643012可免费查阅. PMID 34863207. doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00557-6可免费查阅 (英语). 
  9. ^ Chugh, Aastha; Arora, Monika; Jain, Neha; Vidyasagaran, Aishwarya; Readshaw, Anne; Sheikh, Aziz; Eckhardt, Jappe; Siddiqi, Kamran; Chopra, Mansi; Mishu, Masuma Pervin; Kanaan, Mona; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Mehrotra, Ravi; Huque, Rumana; Forberger, Sarah. The global impact of tobacco control policies on smokeless tobacco use: a systematic review. The Lancet Global Health. June 2023, 11 (6): e953–e968 [2024-07-01]. PMID 37202029. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00205-X. (原始内容存档于2024-06-03) (英语).