性別鑑定

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性別鑑定(英語:sexinggender identification)是生物學農學的技術手段,用於確定人、家禽家畜野生動物性別

對於兩性異形的動物而言,可以根據形態學特徵區分其性別,例如大多數哺乳動物可以通過外生殖器的差異來區分。[1]部分鳥類爬行動物兩棲動物沒有外部的性別差異,因而需要使用一些輔助技術進行性別鑑定。如在動物醫學上,對於兩性同形的鳥類可以在麻醉或束縛下依靠耳鏡英語Otoscope纖維內窺鏡英語Fiberscope來通過內生殖器鑑定性別,也可以檢驗血液或糞便樣本,通過兩性的激素差異來判斷性別。[2]而野生動物則可以依靠行為上的差異來區分。[3][4]養殖業中,可以翻開雛雞的泄殖腔來鑑別其性別,也可以人為控制親本的性別連鎖基因,根據伴性遺傳性狀來確定子代的性別。[5]

隨着分子生物學技術的發展,性別分子鑑定[6]或稱分子性別鑑定[7](英語:molecular sexing)也相應地產生並應用在養殖業、生物學、法醫學、考古學等領域。例如養殖場對雛雞的性別鑑定、[5]採集野生動物的糞便進行性別鑑定、[8]鑑定非法狩獵的獵物的性別、[9]嚴重損毀的案件受害者遺體的性別鑑定、[10]對古人類殘骸的性別鑑定[11]等。常用的分子標記物包括用於人及其它哺乳動物牙釉質基因英語Amelogenin#Application_in_sex_determinationSRYZFX/ZFY[10][12][13][14]用於鳥類的CHD1古顎類除外)、NIPBL(所有鳥類)、RASA1雉科)等。[15]

參考資料

  1. ^ Kunz, Thomas H.; Wemmer, Chris; Hayssen, Virginia. Sex, age, and reproductive condition of mammals. Wilson, DE; Cole, FR; Nichols, JD; Rudran, R.; Foster, MS (編). Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for mammals (PDF). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1996: 279–290. 
  2. ^ Bercovitz, Arden Bryan. Bird sexing methods which should you choose?. AFA Watchbird. 1981, 8 (3): 18–21. 
  3. ^ Gunnarsson, Tómas G.; Gill, Jennifer A.; Goodacre, Sara L.; Gélinaud, Guillaume; Atkinson, Philip W.; Hewitt, Godfrey M.; Potts, Peter M.; Sutherland, William J. Sexing of Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa islandica: a comparison of behavioural, molecular, biometric and field-based techniques. Bird Study. 2006, 53 (3): 193–198. doi:10.1080/00063650609461433. 
  4. ^ Ammer, F. K.; Wood, P. B.; McPherson, R. J. Gender Identification of Grasshopper Sparrows Comparing Behavioral, Morphological, and Molecular Techniques. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 2008, 120 (1): 221–225. doi:10.1676/07-002.1. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 孔少芬; 鄭茗; 聶慶華. 鸡的早期性别鉴定方法. 養禽與禽病防治. 2019, (12): 20–23. 
  6. ^ 劉鑄; 田秀華; 白素英. 一种准确简便的东方白鹤性别分子鉴定方法. 野生動物. 2006, 27 (3): 50–53. 
  7. ^ Wang, Ning; Li, Jianqiang; Liu, Yingying; Zhang, Zhengwang. Improvement on molecular sex identification primers for Passeriform bird species. Chinese Birds. 2010, 1 (1): 65–69. doi:10.5122/cbirds.2009.0009. 
  8. ^ Huang, X.; Zhou, X.; Lin, Q.; et al. An efficient molecular sexing of the vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes) from faeces samples. Conservation Genet Resour. 2012, 4: 391–393. doi:10.1007/s12686-011-9557-6. 
  9. ^ Zenke, P.; Zorkóczy, O.K.; Lehotzky, P.; Ózsvári, L.; Pádár, Z. Molecular Sexing and Species Detection of Antlered European Hunting Game for Forensic Purposes. Animals. 2022, 12 (3): 246. doi:10.3390/ani12030246. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Maulani, C.; Auerkari, E.I. Molecular analysis for sex determination in forensic dentistry: a systematic review. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2020, 10: 36. doi:10.1186/s41935-020-00210-6. 
  11. ^ Skoglund, P.; Storå, J.; Götherström, A.; Jakobsson, M. Accurate sex identification of ancient human remains using DNA shotgun sequencing. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40: 4477–4482. 
  12. ^ Blagodatskikh, E.G.; Nikitin, A.G.; Seregin, Y.A.; et al. Sex determination in biological specimens using the DYS14 marker. Mol Biol. 2010, 44: 568–570. doi:10.1134/S0026893310040102. 
  13. ^ Pfeiffer, I.; Brenig, B. X- and Y-chromosome specific variants of the amelogenin gene allow sex determination in sheep (Ovis aries) and European red deer (Cervus elaphus). BMC Genet. 2005, 6: 16. PMC 1079817可免費查閱. PMID 15771775. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-6-16. 
  14. ^ Seok, SH; Kang, SY; Im, YB; Yoo, HS; Yeon, SC. Sex identification using ZFX and ZFY genes in leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) in Korea. J Vet Med Sci. 2019, 81 (5): 793–798. PMC 6541836可免費查閱. PMID 30944271. doi:10.1292/jvms.18-0693. 
  15. ^ Morinha, F.; Cabral, J. A.; Bastos, E. Molecular sexing of birds: A comparative review of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Theriogenology. 2012, 78 (4): 703–714.