死藤水
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死藤水(奇楚瓦语:Ayahuasca)是Banisteriopsis属的卡皮木(Banisteriopsis caapi)和Diplopterys属的死藤(Diplopterys cabrerana)以及九节属物种所煎熬成的一种饮料。饮用后其中的N,N-二甲基色胺等致幻剂物质会发挥效用,并改变人的知觉、思维、情绪以及意识,使人产生幻觉或陷入部分领域认为的“通灵”状态。因此被当地的美洲原住民广泛应用于宗教仪式中,过程中会与萨满搭配,每个区域及不同的萨满在煎煮的过程中都有自己的调配比例,大多分布于亚马逊雨林周边区域。
研究
1950年哈佛大学植物学家 Richard Evans Schultes 记录,他在哥伦比亚的亚马逊雨林中发现死藤水被当地人用于宗教和医疗中。1993年,Charles Grob 展开死藤水对人类影响的研究。[1]
2023年根据发表在 PNAS 期刊上的一项研究[2],伦敦帝国学院招募了20名志愿者参与DMT对大脑活动影响的研究。注射20毫克的DMT后,使用脑电图和功能性磁共振成像记录志愿者服用药物前、期间、和之后的大脑活动。结果显示,DMT破坏了大脑的基本网络,导致彼此之间的区分很小。大脑的主要节奏瓦解,想像力区域连接性提升。
文化意义
死藤水在秘鲁、委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚、玻利维亚、厄瓜多尔和巴西的亚马逊文化中有着千年的渊源。
秘鲁非物质文化遗产
现代死藤水的使用
合法性
已知相思树树皮可精炼含有致幻生物碱的N,N-二甲基色胺[3]。二甲基色胺是中国列管的第一类精神药品色胺类致幻剂,2020年9月14日,中国福建省厦门市警方逮捕了吸食、贩卖死藤水的葛某。
参看
台湾的启灵药草相思汤又称为台湾死藤水,是南美死藤水的一种变形,由相思树树皮与骆驼蓬子这两者煮出来的汤,但与南美洲的死藤水不同[4]。
参考资料
- ^ The Hoasca Project. maps.org. [2016-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-05).
- ^ Human brain effects of DMT assessed via EEG-fMRI. [2023-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-13).
- ^ 提煉二甲基色胺 工程師製毒走私澳洲. 中央社. 2017-01-17 [2021-01-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24) (中文).
- ^ 相思湯. (原始内容存档于2018-10-17).
延伸阅读
- 威廉·柏洛兹 and 艾伦·金斯堡. The Yage Letters. San Francisco: City Lights, 1963. ISBN 0-87286-004-3
- Caiuby Labate, Beatriz & Cavnar, Clancy [Editors]: The Therapeutic Use of Ayahuasca. Springer, 2014. ISBN 978-3642404252 [Print]; ISBN 978-3-642-40426-9 [eBook]
- Lamb, Bruce F. Rio Tigre and Beyond: The Amazon Jungle Medicine of Manuel Córdova. Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1985. ISBN 0-938190-59-8
- Langdon, E. Jean Matteson & Gerhard Baer, eds. Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8263-1345-0
- Luna, Luis Eduardo. Vegetalismo: Shamanism among the Mestizo Population of the Peruvian Amazon. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1986. ISBN 91-22-00819-5
- Luna, Luis Eduardo & Pablo Amaringo. Ayahuasca Visions: The Religious Iconography of A Peruvian Shaman. Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1999. ISBN 1-55643-311-5
- Luna, Luis Eduardo & Stephen F. White, eds. Ayahuasca Reader: Encounters with the Amazon's Sacred Vine. Santa Fe, NM: Synergetic, 2000. ISBN 0-907791-32-8
- 泰瑞司·麦肯南. Food of the Gods: A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution.
- Ralph Metzner, ed. Ayahuasca: Hallucinogens, Consciousness, and the Spirit of Nature. New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1999. ISBN 1-56025-160-3
- Metzner, Ralph (Editor). Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca, (2nd ed.) Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 2006. ISBN 1-59477-053-0, ISBN 978-1-59477-053-1
- Ott, J. Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History, (2nd ed.)(Paperback). Kennewick, Wash.: Natural Products, 1993. ISBN 0-9614234-9-8. ISBN 978-0-9614234-9-0
- Ott, Jonathan. Pharmahuasca: Human Pharmacology of Oral DMT Plus Harmine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (San Francisco: Haight-Ashbury Pub. in assoc. w. Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic). April–June 1999, 31 (2): 171–7. ISSN 0279-1072. OCLC 7565359. PMID 10438001. doi:10.1080/02791072.1999.10471741.
- Polari de Alverga, Alex. Forest of Visions: Ayahuasca, Amazonian Spirituality, and the Santo Daime Tradition. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 1999. ISBN 0-89281-716-X
- Benny Shanon. The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-925293-9
- Rick Strassman. DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 2001. ISBN 0-89281-927-8
- Taussig, Michael. Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. ISBN 0-226-79012-6
- Tupper, Kenneth. The Globalization of Ayahuasca: Harm Reduction or Benefit Maximization?. International Journal of Drug Policy. August 2008, 19 (4): 297–303. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.11.001.
- Tupper, Kenneth. Ayahuasca Healing Beyond the Amazon: The Globalization of a Traditional Indigenous Entheogenic Practice. Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs. 2009, 9 (1): 117–136. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009.00245.x.
- Tupper, Kenneth W.; Labate, Beatriz C. Plants, Psychoactive Substances and the International Narcotics Control Board: The Control of Nature and the Nature of Control (PDF). Human Rights & Drugs. 2012, 2 (1): 17–28 [2017-02-01]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-15).
- Tupper, Kenneth W.; Labate, Beatriz C. Ayahuasca, Psychedelic Studies and Health Sciences: The Politics of Knowledge and Inquiry into an Amazonian Plant Brew (PDF). Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 2014, 7 (2): 71–80. PMID 25563448. doi:10.2174/1874473708666150107155042. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-22).
外部链接
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