叶附生苔
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叶附生苔,或称叶附生苔类植物,是指附生于活的维管植物叶片表面的苔藓植物[1],其中绝大多数属于地钱门细鳞苔科,也有少部分是藓类植物门、角苔门或其他地钱门的成员[2]。叶附生苔在南极洲以外的各大洲都有分布[3],但在热带至副热带的热带雨林和季风雨林中尤其繁盛[4],在多样性高的区域甚至可见数十种不同的叶附生苔栖息于同一片叶子上[5];在其余地区,叶附生苔则极其罕见[6]。
叶附生苔的个体细小扁平,腹面有束状假根和卷曲的囊状腹瓣,有些叶附生苔细胞壁表面突起成疣状[7]。由于叶片的寿命不长,能让叶附生苔落脚的时间相当短,故这类苔藓植物发展出高度特化的生活史,如高度依赖芽胞(brood body)、繁殖枝、脱落的叶等无性繁殖机制[8],孢子采行早发性萌芽,配子体有幼态发育(neotenic development)现象,以及快速形成配子囊等等,以达到短时间内大量播迁的效果[9]。迄今并未发现叶附生苔对于宿主植物的种类或叶片形态表现出专一性[10],但已知其偏好附生于常绿、硬革质、较光滑且较厚的叶片,如壳斗科、茶科、茜草科、兰科、荨麻科、蕨类等[4][11]。
参考文献
- ^ Malombe, I.; Matheka, K. W.; Pócs, T.; Patiño, J. Edge effect on epiphyllous bryophytes in Taita Hills fragmented afromontane forests. Journal of Bryology. 2016, 38 (1): 33–46. ISSN 0373-6687. doi:10.1179/1743282015Y.0000000015.
- ^ Gradstein, S. R. The taxonomic diversity of epiphyllous bryophytes. Abstracta Botanica. 1997, 21 (1): 15–19 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 0133-6215. (原始内容存档于2017-03-13).
- ^ Tang, X.; Gradstein, S. R.; Sun, L.-W.; Zhu, M.-J.; Shi, R.-P.; Wei, Q.-Q.; Chen, Y.-Q.; Zhou, X.-X.; Wang, J. A contribution to the knowledge of epiphyllous bryophytes in Tianmushan National Nature Reserve (Zhejiang, China), with remarks on climate warming and nature conservation. Lindbergia. 2018, 41 (1): 01103 [2020-12-15]. doi:10.25227/linbg.01103. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 陈邦杰; 吴鹏程. 中国叶附生苔类植物的研究(一) (PDF). 植物分类学报. 1964, 9 (3): 213–276. ISSN 1674-4918.
- ^ Lücking, A. Diversity and distribution of epiphyllous bryophytes in a tropical rainforest in Costa Rica. Abstracta Botanica. 1997, 21 (1): 79–87. ISSN 0133-6215.
- ^ Porley, R. D. Foliicolous Metzgeria fruticulosa on Box leaves in the Chiltern Hills, England. Journal of Bryology. 1996, 19 (1): 188–189. ISSN 0373-6687. doi:10.1179/jbr.1996.19.1.188.
- ^ Bai, Y.; Chen, S.; Qian, H.; Yu, S.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Shen, C. Chen, Y.; Zhang, M.; Yu, J.; Zhu, R. Species diversity of epiphyllous liverworts in Qianjiangyuan National Park, Zhejiang. Biodiversity Science. 2020, 28 (2): 231–237 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 1005-0094. doi:10.17520/biods.2019273. (原始内容存档于2020-10-25).
- ^ Zhu, R.-L.; So, M. L. Epiphyllous Liverworts of China. Berlin: J. Cramer. 2001. ISBN 978-3-443-51043-5.
- ^ Alvarenga, L. D. P.; Pôrto, K. C.; Zartman, C. E. Sex ratio, spatial segregation, and fertilization rates of the epiphyllous moss Crossomitrium patrisiae (Brid.) Müll.Hal. in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. Journal of Bryology. 2013, 35 (2): 88–95. ISSN 0373-6687. doi:10.1179/174328213X13662092820316.
- ^ Benavides, J. C.; Sastre-De Jesús, I. Diversity and Rarity of Epiphyllous Bryophytes in a Superhumid Tropical Lowland Forest of Chocó-Colombia. Cryptogamie, Bryologie. 2011, 32 (2): 119–133 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 1290-0796. doi:10.7872/cryb.v32.iss1.2011.119. (原始内容存档于2020-09-25).
- ^ 姜炎彬, 邵小明. 叶附生苔植物物种多样性分布格局及生态成因. 植物生态学报. 2016, 40 (5): 523–532. ISSN 1005-264X. doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0359.