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幽灵蛛科

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幽灵蛛科
家幽灵蛛
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 蛛形纲 Arachnida
目: 蜘蛛目 Araneae
亚目: 背突蛛亚目 Opisthothelae
下目: 新蛛亚目 Araneomorphae
总科: 幽灵蛛总科 Pholcoidea
科: 幽灵蛛科 Pholcidae
C. L. Koch, 1851[1]

详见内文

幽灵蛛科学名Pholcidae),是蜘蛛目中的一个科,其下的物种通称为幽灵蜘蛛,是家中常见的蜘蛛

特征

幽灵蜘蛛体态纤细,腿部细长,所以在英语中又被称为“长腿叔叔”(daddy longlegs)。外貌与盲蛛相似,外观容易混淆。幽灵蜘蛛体型小、看似纤细,但这些特点却有益于幽灵蜘蛛捕食猎物,甚至是同类。幽灵蜘蛛通常使用纤长的腿把猎物制住,确保猎物停留在攻击范围内。幽灵蜘蛛有一对毒牙,毒性并不强。当幽灵蜘蛛遇上危险,会以上下及左右的摆幅来避开攻击。 较常见的幽灵蜘蛛大多利用腹部使力,上下摇动。 幽灵蜘蛛喜欢吃比自己大型的蜘蛛,牠们自然界的天敌有蜈蚣大兰多毒蛛等。

分布

幽灵蜘蛛算是世界上分布十分广泛的蜘蛛,从极北的堪察加半岛到有世界屋脊之称的青藏高原,最后到靠近南极的火地岛均能找到牠的踪迹,目前全世界只有南极州、冰岛格陵兰岛和加拿大极北之地没有幽灵蜘蛛的存在。

截至西元2015年11月,World Spider Catalog英语World Spider Catalog认可了以下的[1]

  • Aetana Huber, 2005
  • Anansus Huber, 2007
  • Anopsicus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938
  • 热带蛛属 Artema Walckenaer, 1837
  • Aucana Huber, 2000
  • Aymaria Huber, 2000
  • 贝尔蛛属 Belisana Thorell, 1898
  • Blancoa Huber, 2000
  • Buitinga Huber, 2003
  • Calapnita Simon, 1892
    • Calapnita bariengi Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita bario Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita bohoi Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita bugis Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita dayak Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita dinagat Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita lawangan Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita loksado Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita longa Yao & Li, 2013
    • Calapnita mae Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita magaseng Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita maragusan Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita nunezae Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita saluang Huber, 2011
    • Calapnita vermiformis Simon, 1892
  • Canaima Huber, 2000
  • Carapoia González-Sponga, 1998
    • Carapoia abdita Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia agilis Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia alagoas Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia bispina Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia brescoviti Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia cambridgei (Mello-Leitão, 1947)
    • Carapoia capixaba Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia carvalhoi Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia carybei Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia crasto Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia dandarae Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia divisa Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia djavani Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia exigua Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia fowleri Huber, 2000
    • Carapoia genitalis (Moenkhaus, 1898)
    • Carapoia gracilis Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia jiboia Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia kaxinawa Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia levii (Huber, 2000)
    • Carapoia lutea (Keyserling, 1891)
    • Carapoia macacu Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia maculata Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia marceloi Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia mirim Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia munduruku Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia nairae Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia ocaina Huber, 2000
    • Carapoia paraguaensis González-Sponga, 1998
    • Carapoia patafina Huber, 2016[3]
    • Carapoia pau Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia pulchra Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia rheimsae Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia rubra Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia saltinho Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia septentrionalis Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia suassunai Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia tapajos Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia tenuis Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia ubatuba Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia una Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia utinga Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia viridis Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia voltavelha Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia zumbii Huber, 2016
  • Cenemus Saaristo, 2001
  • Chibchea Huber, 2000
  • Chichiriviche González-Sponga, 2011b
  • Chisosa Huber, 2000
  • Ciboneya Pérez, 2001
  • Codazziella González-Sponga, 2005
  • Coryssocnemis Simon, 1893
  • 壶蛛属 Crossopriza Simon, 1893
  • Enetea Huber, 2000
  • Galapa Huber, 2000
  • Gertschiola Brignoli, 1981
  • Guaranita Huber, 2000
  • Holocneminus Berland, 1942
  • Holocnemus Simon, 1873
  • Hoplopholcus Kulczy?ski, 1908
  • Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão, 1944
  • Ixchela Huber, 2000
  • Kambiwa Huber, 2000
  • 呵叻蛛属 Khorata Huber, 2005
  • Leptopholcus Simon, 1893
  • Litoporus Simon, 1893
  • Mecolaesthus Simon, 1893
  • Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998
  • Metagonia Simon, 1893
  • Micromerys Bradley, 1877
  • Micropholcus Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen, 1987
  • Modisimus Simon, 1893
  • Nerudia Huber, 2000
  • Ninetis Simon, 1890
  • Nita Huber & El-Hennawy, 2007
  • Nyikoa Huber, 2007
  • Ossinissa Dimitrov & Ribera, 2005
  • Otavaloa Huber, 2000
  • Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983
  • Papiamenta Huber, 2000
  • Paramicromerys Millot, 1946
  • Pehrforsskalia Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001
  • Pholcophora Banks, 1896
  • 幽灵蛛属 Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805
  • Physocyclus Simon, 1893
  • Pisaboa Huber, 2000
  • Platnicknia Özdikmen & Demir, 2009
  • Pomboa Huber, 2000
  • Priscula Simon, 1893
  • Psilochorus Simon, 1893
  • Quamtana Huber, 2003
  • Queliceria González-Sponga, 2003
  • Savarna Huber, 2005
  • Sihala Huber, 2011
  • Smeringopina Kraus, 1957
  • 怒蛛属 Smeringopus Simon, 1890
  • 六眼幽灵蛛属 Spermophora Hentz, 1841
  • Spermophorides Wunderlich, 1992
  • Stenosfemuraia González-Sponga, 1998
  • Stygopholcus Absolon & Kratochvíl, 1932
  • Systenita Simon, 1893
  • Tainonia Huber, 2000
  • Tangguoa Yao & Li, 2021
  • Teuia Huber, 2000
  • Tibetia Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006
  • Tolteca Huber, 2000
  • Trichocyclus Simon, 1908
  • Tupigea Huber, 2000
  • Uthina Simon, 1893
  • Wanniyala Huber & Benjamin, 2005
  • Waunana Huber, 2000
    • Waunana anchicaya Huber, 2000
    • Waunana eberhardi Huber, 2000
    • Waunana modesta (Banks, 1929)
    • Waunana tulcan Huber, 2000
  • Wugigarra Huber, 2001
  • Zatavua Huber, 2003

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Family: Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850 (genus list), World Spider Catalog (Natural History Museum Bern), [2015-11-10], (原始内容存档于2016-03-04) 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Huber, Bernhard A. 2017. Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Southeast Asian Leaf-Dwelling Spider Genus Calapnita Simon (Araneae, Pholcidae). Zootaxa. 4219(1); 1–63. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4219.1.1
  3. ^ Bernhard A. Huber. 2016. Spider Diversity and Endemism in A South American Hotspot: 20 New Species of Carapoia (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Zootaxa. 4177(1); 1-69. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4177.1.1
  • Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G (eds.) (2007) Harvestmen – The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9