金蛛科
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圓蛛科![]() | |
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Araneus heroine | |
科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
綱: | 蛛形綱 Arachnida |
目: | 蜘蛛目 Araneae |
亞目: | 背突蛛亞目 Opisthothelae |
下目: | 新蛛亞目 Araneomorphae |
演化支: | 複雜生殖器類 Entelegynae |
演化支: | 圓網蛛類 Orbiculariae |
總科: | 金蛛總科 Araneoidea |
科: | 金蛛科 Araneidae Simon, 1895 |
屬 | |
約166屬 | |
異名 | |
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「圓蛛科」的各地常用名稱 | |
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中國大陸 | 園蛛科 |
臺灣 | 金蛛科[3][4]或鬼蛛科 |
金蛛科(學名:Araneidae),又稱圓蛛科、園蛛科或鬼蛛科。這一科的蜘蛛非常美麗、顯著,並且常在跨小徑及類似的地方紡織其半公尺以上的大輪形網,然後把自己掛在其中心等待獵物來到。部份圓蛛科的蜘蛛(如十字園蛛)會在網中央地方另外紡織數條鋸齒形,或其他顯著形式的斑紋向外延伸。然後半黑半白的或半黑半黃的蜘蛛,靜止不動時會停留在白色絲帶交叉的中央區域附近,將腳兩兩併攏呈現大「X」字形;但亦有學者指出這些蜘蛛網上的絲質裝飾物具有吸引獵物的功能。 [5]
這種蜘蛛會盡量避免與任何大動物有接觸,其毒對人不很危險,反應跟其對蜜蜂毒的反應差不多。
這一科蜘蛛的視力遠不如狼蛛科、蠅虎科,只足以辨別黑白。因而牠們依賴觸覺認識到獵物,及其他在環境重要的東西。
落到網裡後,獵物的掙扎很容易破壞網,於是蜘蛛立刻盡力迅速地用絲把獵物包起來,使之不能動彈,然後趁機會咬之、注射其毒液,等牠不掙扎了就再過來吃。
圓蛛科蜘蛛種類很多,全球約有2500種。體長由2—60公釐。當中哥倫比亞有一種叫鏈球蛛(Bolas |Spider)的本科蜘蛛,會將自己的絲線弄成一個黏球,該黏球帶有類似雌蛾的氣味,待雄蛾受氣味吸引飛近時,即揮動黏球將其擊中,成為美味大餐。因為這樣的動作似牛仔揮動繩圈,鏈球蛛又被稱為牛仔蜘蛛。
下級分類
本科包括以下屬:[6]
- Acacesia Simon, 1895
- Acantharachne Tullgren, 1910
- Acanthepeira Marx, 1883
- Acroaspis Karsch, 1878
- Acrosomoides Simon, 1887
- Actinacantha Simon, 1864
- Actinosoma Holmberg, 1883
- Aculepeira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
- 吊葉蛛屬 Acusilas Simon, 1895
- Aethriscus Pocock, 1902
- Aethrodiscus Strand, 1913
- Aetrocantha Karsch, 1879
- Afracantha Dahl, 1914
- Agalenatea Archer, 1951
- Agelenatea
- Alenatea Song & Zhu, 1999
- Allocyclosa Levi, 1999
- Alpaida O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
- Amazonepeira Levi, 1989
- Anepeira Wunderlich, 2004
- 阿園蛛屬 Anepsion Strand, 1929
- Arachnura Vinson, 1863
- Aranea Clerck, 1757
- Araneometa Wunderlich, 1988
- 鬼蛛屬 Araneus Clerck, 1757
- Araniella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
- Aranoethra Butler, 1873
- 金蛛屬 Argiope Audouin, 1826
- Artifex Kallal & Hormiga, 2018
- Artonis Simon, 1895
- Artonis Thorell, 1895
- Aspidolasius Simon, 1887
- Atea Koch, 1837
- Augusta O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1877
- Austracantha Dahl, 1914
- Backobourkia Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge & Vink, 2010
- Bararaneus Wunderlich, 2004
- Bertrana Keyserling, 1884
- Caerostris Thorell, 1868
- Carepalxis L.Koch, 1872
- Celaenia Thorell, 1868
- Cercidia Thorell, 1869
- 壯頭蛛屬 Chorizopes O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1871
- 類壯頭蛛屬 Chorizopesoides Mi & Wang, 2018
- Chrysometata Wunderlich, 2004
- Cladomelea Simon, 1895
- Clitaetra Simon, 1889
- Cnodalia Thorell, 1890
- Coelossia Simon, 1895
- Colaranea Court & Forster, 1988
- Collina Urquhart, 1891
- Colphepeira Archer, 1941
- Cryptaranea Court & Forster, 1988
- 艾蛛屬 Cyclosa Menge, 1866
- Cyclososoma Petrunkevitch, 1958
- Cyphalonotus Simon, 1895
- Cyrtarachne Thorell, 1868
- Cyrtobill Framenau & Scharff, 2009
- 曲腹蛛屬 Cyrtophora Simon, 1864
- 丘園蛛屬 Deione Thorell, 1898
- Deliochus Simon, 1894
- Dolophones Walckenaer, 1837
- Dubiepeira Levi, 1991
- Edricus O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1890
- Enacrosoma Mello-Leitão, 1932
- Encyosaccus Simon, 1895
- Eoaraneus Wunderlich, 2004
- Eochorizopes Wunderlich, 2008
- Eonephila Wunderlich, 2004
- Eozygiella Wunderlich, 2004
- Epeiroides Keyserling, 1885
- 轉刺蛛屬 Eriophora Simon, 1864
- 毛圓蛛屬 Eriovixia Archer, 1951
- Eustacesia Caporiacco, 1954
- Eustala Simon, 1895
- Eustaloides Petrunkevitch, 1942
- Exechocentrus Simon, 1889
- Faradja Grasshoff, 1970
- Fossilaraneus Wunderlich, 1988
- Friula O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1897
- Galaporella Levi, 2009
- Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833
- Gastroxya Benoit, 1962
- Gea C.L.Koch, 1843
- Geratonephila Poinar, 2012
- Geratonephila burmanica Poinar, 2012[7]
- Gibbaranea Archer, 1951
- Glyptogona Simon, 1884
- Gnolus Simon, 1879
- Herennia Thorell, 1877
- Heterognatha Nicolet, 1849
- Heurodes Keyserling, 1886
- Hingstepeira Levi, 1995
- Hortophora Framenau & Castanheira, 2021
- Hypognatha Guérin-Méneville, 1839
- Hyposinga
- Hypsacantha Dahl, 1914
- 亮腹蛛屬 Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871
- Ideocaira Simon, 1903
- Indoetra Kuntner, 2006
- Isoxya Simon, 1885
- Kaira O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
- Kapogea Levi, 1997
- Kilima Grasshoff, 1970
- 肥蛛屬 Larinia Simon, 1874
- Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970
- 類肥蛛屬 Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934
- Lariniophora Framenau, 2011
- Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004
- Lewisepeira Levi, 1993
- Lipocrea Thorell, 1878
- Luxurionephila Wunderlich, 2004
- Macracantha Simon, 1864
- Madacantha Emerit, 1970
- Mahembea Grasshoff, 1970
- 芒果蛛 Mangora O.P.-Cambridge, 1889
- Manogea Levi, 1997
- Mastophora Holmberg, 1876
- Mecynogea Simon, 1903
- Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968
- Melychiopharis Simon, 1895
- Mesozygiella Penney & Ortuño, 2006
- Metazygia F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- Metepeira Cambridge, 1903
- Micrathena Sundevall, 1833
- Micrepeira Schenkel, 1953
- Micropoltys Kulczynski, 1911
- 米洛蛛屬 Milonia Thorell, 1890
- 雙斑米洛蛛 Milonia gemella Mi & Li, 2021
- Minutunguis Wunderlich, 2011
- Miraraneus Wunderlich, 2004
- Mirometa Petrunkevitch, 1963
- Molinaranea Mello-Leitão, 1940
- Nemoscolus Simon, 1895
- Nemosinga Caporiacco, 1947
- Nemospiza Simon, 1903
- Neogea Levi, 1983
- 新園蛛屬 Neoscona Simon, 1864
- Nephila Leach, 1815
- Nephilengys L.Koch, 1872
- Nephilingis Kuntner, 2013
- Nicolepeira Levi, 2001
- Novakiella Court & Forster, 1993
- Novaranea Court & Forster, 1988
- Nuctenea Simon, 1864
- Oarces Simon, 1879
- Ocrepeira Marx, 1883
- Ordgarius Keyserling, 1886
- Palaeonephila Wunderlich, 2004
- Palaeopachygnatha Petrunkevitch, 1922
- Paralarinia Grasshoff, 1970
- Paraplectana Brito Capello, 1867
- Paraplectanoides Keyserling, 1886
- Pararaneus Caporiacco, 1940
- Paraverrucosa Mello-Leitão, 1939
- Parawixia F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- Parmatergus Emerit, 1994
- Pasilobus Simon, 1895
- Perilla Thorell, 1895
- Pherenice Thorell, 1899
- Phonognatha Simon, 1894
- Pitharatus Simon, 1895
- 普園蛛屬 Plebs Joseph & Framenau, 2012
- Poecilarcys Simon, 1895
- Poecilopachys Simon, 1895
- Poltys C.L.Koch, 1843
- Popperaneus Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020
- 脊園蛛屬 Porcataraneus Mi & Peng, 2011
- Pozonia Schenkel, 1953
- Prasonica Simon, 1895
- Prasonicella Grasshoff, 1971
- Pronoides Schenkel, 1936
- Pronous Keyserling, 1881
- Pseudartonis Simon, 1903
- Pseudopsyllo Strand, 1916
- Psyllo Thorell, 1899
- Pulchellaranea Poinar, 2015
- Pycnacantha Blackwall, 1865
- Pycnosinga Wunderlich, 1988
- Rubrepeira Levi, 1992
- Scoloderus Simon, 1887
- Sedasta Simon, 1894
- Singa C.L.Koch, 1836
- Singafrotypa Benoit, 1962
- Siwa Grasshoff, 1970
- Spilasma Simon, 1897
- Spinepeira Levi, 1995
- Spintharidius Simon, 1893
- Taczanowskia Keyserling, 1879
- Taczanowskia gustavoi Ibarra-Núñez, 2013
- Taczanowskia mirabilis Simon, 1897
- Taczanowskia onowoka Jordán, Domínguez-Trujillo & Cisneros-Heredia, 2021[8]
- Taczanowskia sextuberculata Keyserling, 1892
- Taczanowskia striata Keyserling, 1879
- Taczanowskia trilobata Simon, 1897
- Taczanowskia yasuni Díaz-Guevara, Macías-Tulcán & Galvis, 2024[9]
- Talthybia Thorell, 1898
- Tatepeira Levi, 1995
- Telaprocera Harmer & Framenau, 2008
- Testudinaria Taczanowski, 1879
- Testudinaria Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
- Testudinaroides Dunlop & Jekel, 2008
- Tethneus Scudder, 1890
- Thelacantha Hasselt, 1882
- Thorellina Berg, 1899
- Togacantha Dahl, 1914
- Trichonephila Dahl, 1911
- Umbonata Grasshoff, 1971
- Ursa Simon, 1895
- Verrucosa McCook, 1888
- Wagneriana F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- Witica O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1895
- Wixia O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1882
- Xylethrus Simon, 1895
- Yaginumia Archer, 1960
- Zealaranea Court & Forster, 1988
- Zilla C.L.Koch, 1836
- 楚蛛屬 Zygiella F.O.P.-Cambridge
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十字園蛛
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這科的蜘蛛種類非常多,大小不一,但都有八單眼
參考文獻
- ^ Penney, D.; Ortuño, V. M. Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae). Biology letters. 2006, 2 (3): 447–450. ISSN 1744-9561. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0506.
- ^ Magalhaes, I. L. F.; Azevedo, G. H. F.; Michalik, P.; Ramírez, M. J. The fossil record of spiders revisited: implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic. Biological Reviews. 2020, 95: 184–217 [2020-11-09]. ISSN 1464-7931. doi:10.1111/brv.12559. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-09).
- ^ Araneidae 金蛛科 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館),台灣生物多樣性資訊入口網Taibi,中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心,2016-03-16
- ^ Araneidae金蛛科 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館),TaiBNET,中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心,2016-03-16
- ^ R.C. Cheng & I.M. Tso. Signaling by decorating webs: luring prey or deterring predators?. Behavioral Ecology. 2007-09, 18: 1085–1091. (原始內容存檔於2012-07-11).
- ^ Araneidae. GBIF. [2022-08-26]. (原始內容存檔於2022-01-13).
- ^ George Poinar Jr. & Ron Buckley. 2012. Predatory behaviour of the social orb-weaver spider, Geratonephila burmanica n. gen., n. sp. (Araneae: Nephilidae) with its wasp prey, Cascoscelio incassus n. gen., n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, vol. 24, issue 5; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2011.640399
- ^ Juan Pablo Jordán, Mariela Domínguez-Trujillo and Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia. 2021. Phylogenetic Placement of the Spider Genus Taczanowskia (Araneae: Araneidae) and Description of A New Species from Ecuador. Invertebrate Systematics. 35(7); 742-753. DOI: 10.1071/IS20084
- ^ David R. Díaz-Guevara, Mauricio Macías-Tulcán, William Galvis. 2024. Taczanowskia yasuni new species: A New enigmatic Species of Spider (Araneidae) from the Ecuadorian Amazon canopy. Zootaxa. 5397(2); 295-300. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5397.2.11