堪察加棕熊

堪察加棕熊
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	食肉目 Carnivora
科：	熊科 Ursidae
属：	熊属 Ursus
种：	棕熊 U. arctos
亚种：	堪察加棕熊 U. a. beringianus
三名法
	Ursus arctos beringianus; Middendorff, 1851
異名
	kolymensis Ognev, 1924; mandchuricus Heude, 1898; piscator Pucheran, 1855

堪察加棕熊（學名：Ursus arctos beringianus；俄语：Камчатский бурый медведь，英文名：Kamchatka brown bear），又叫西伯利亞棕熊，是棕熊的一個亞種，分佈于堪察加半島、卡拉金斯克島、千島群島等地^[1]。粒線體DNA序列分析顯示它與阿拉斯加（科迪亞克棕熊）、庫頁島與蒙古等地的棕熊親緣關係接近^[2]。堪察加棕熊很少襲擊人類^[3]。

形態

堪察加棕熊是一種大型棕熊，可能是歐亞大陸最大的棕熊^[4]，體長可達3米，重可達650公斤，大小與科迪亞克棕熊相當，雄性頭骨可長達40.3–43.6公分，寬25.8–27.7公分；雌性頭骨長37.2–38.6公分，寬21.6–24.2公分。毛色一般為帶有些為紫色光澤的深棕色，淺棕色的個體十分少見^[1]。

生態

堪察加棕熊在夏季常以藍莓、岩高蘭的果實與粉紅鮭和虹鱒為食，秋天則食用堅果與魚類，食物缺乏時也會食用死魚與禾草。

堪察加棕熊較少攻擊人類，有統計顯示僅有1%的遭遇事件演變成襲擊^[5]。十九世紀時，最早進入堪察加地區的歐洲人便對此地棕熊的數量與體型大小感到驚訝，且紀錄其習性較東西伯利亞棕熊（英语：East Siberian brown bear）（Ursus arctos collaris）溫馴^[6]。不過2008年7月，堪察加奧柳托爾斯基區曾有一開採鉑的礦坑被多達30隻的堪察加棕熊群體包圍，且有兩名守衛被攻擊遇難^[7]。

狩獵

堪察加棕熊是俄羅斯狩獵產業中價錢最高的戰利品之一。2005年，堪察加的野生動物管理部門便核發了500張狩獵許可，為該地區創造為數不小的經濟收益^[4]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), V.G Heptner and N.P Naumov editors, Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 1998. ISBN 1-886106-81-9
^ Odbayar Tumendemberel , Andreas Zedrosser, Michael F. Proctor, Harry V. Reynolds, Jennifer R. Adams, Jack M. Sullivan, Sarah J. Jacobs, Tumennasan Khorloojav, Tuya Tserenbataa, Mijiddorj Batmunkh, Jon E. Swenson, Lisette P. Waits. Phylogeography, genetic diversity, and connectivity of brown bear populations in Central Asia. PLOS ONE. 2019, 14 (8): e0220746. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220746.
^ BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS PISCATOR) REACTION TO HUMANS ON KAMCHATKA （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, I. A. Revenko, Kamchatka Ecology and Environmental Institute, pr. Rybakov, 19 a, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683024, Russia. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-09-26.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Prospects for polar tourism by John Snyder and Bernard Stonehouse, published by CABI, 2007, ISBN 1-84593-247-1
^ I. A. Revenko. BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS PISCATOR) REACTION TO HUMANS ON KAMCHATKA (PDF). Kamchatka Ecology and Environmental Institute, pr. Rybakov, 19 a, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683024, Russia. [2019-02-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-19）.
^ The Kamchatka Brown Bear. Kamchatkapeninsula.com. [2019-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-13）.
^ Bears eat two workers in remote Russian region. The Guardian. 2008-07-23 [2019-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09）.

外部連接

Photos of the Kamchatka Brown Bear (Ursus arctos beringianus) by Klaus Nigge

[soviet-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), V.G Heptner and N.P Naumov editors, Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 1998. ISBN 1-886106-81-9

[ChiangTumendemberel2019-2] Odbayar Tumendemberel , Andreas Zedrosser, Michael F. Proctor, Harry V. Reynolds, Jennifer R. Adams, Jack M. Sullivan, Sarah J. Jacobs, Tumennasan Khorloojav, Tuya Tserenbataa, Mijiddorj Batmunkh, Jon E. Swenson, Lisette P. Waits. Phylogeography, genetic diversity, and connectivity of brown bear populations in Central Asia. PLOS ONE. 2019, 14 (8): e0220746. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220746.

[3] BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS PISCATOR) REACTION TO HUMANS ON KAMCHATKA （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, I. A. Revenko, Kamchatka Ecology and Environmental Institute, pr. Rybakov, 19 a, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683024, Russia. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-09-26.

[tourism-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Prospects for polar tourism by John Snyder and Bernard Stonehouse, published by CABI, 2007, ISBN 1-84593-247-1

[5] I. A. Revenko. BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS PISCATOR) REACTION TO HUMANS ON KAMCHATKA (PDF). Kamchatka Ecology and Environmental Institute, pr. Rybakov, 19 a, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683024, Russia. [2019-02-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-19）.

[kam-6] The Kamchatka Brown Bear. Kamchatkapeninsula.com. [2019-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-13）.

[7] Bears eat two workers in remote Russian region. The Guardian. 2008-07-23 [2019-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09）.

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