卡拉苏克语系

卡拉苏克语系
	Karasuk
	争议
地理分佈	西伯利亚中部与巴基斯坦北部
谱系学分类	假定的语言系属分类
分支	叶尼塞语系布鲁夏斯基语
	–
Glottolog	无
	; 卡拉苏克语系的现代分布

卡拉苏克语系是一个假定的语系，其下包含西伯利亚中部的叶尼塞语系和巴基斯坦北部的布鲁夏斯基语。

假说历史

Hyde Clarke (1870)首先提出了叶尼塞语系和布鲁夏斯基语之间的关系。^[1]

莱顿大学无我提出了“卡拉苏克”的名称，^[2]来自公元前第2千纪中亚的卡拉苏克文化。无我假设布鲁绍人参与了中亚到印度次大陆北部的印度-雅利安人迁徙，其他卡拉苏克人则向北迁徙，成为叶尼塞民族。人类学家、语言学家Roger Blench (1999)也支持了这些说法。^[3]

Václav Blažek (2019)将原始叶尼塞语的原乡置于今日的布鲁夏斯基语分布地附近，他认为，从水名证据可以看出叶尼塞语系最初分布在天山山脉北坡和帕米尔高原一带，后来顺额尔齐斯河之流而下。^[4]

词法证据

卡拉苏克语系的整局主要是动词、名词的词法。例如，布鲁夏斯基语不及物动词的第二人称单数前缀是[ɡu-, ɡó-]，凯特语是[ku-, ɡu-]。凯特语有2种动词变位，分别加前缀d-、b-，布鲁夏斯基语则是d-缀和无缀。不过，布鲁夏斯基语和叶尼塞语系的动词词法尚未有过严格的分析，^[5]审稿人指出证据不足。^[6] 有人提出叶尼塞语系和纳-德内语系有关系，可以建立德内-叶尼塞语门，两者的句法联系不见于布鲁夏斯基语。^{[來源請求]}

同源词

下面是可能的同源词列表：^[7]^[8]

可能的同源词
原始叶尼塞语	布鲁夏斯基语	词义
*binč	melc	颊
*siː	si/su	吃
*seŋ	sán	肝/脾
*ʔig	yek	名
*qoʎ	qʌt	腋
*təga	ʔ(r)ək	胸
*pʌx	pak	干净
*dʌr	thɛr	脏

Kassian & Starostin (2017)列出了下列原始叶尼塞语和原始布鲁夏斯基语的可能同源词。^[9]

词义	原始叶尼塞语	原始布鲁夏斯基语
干	*qɔɢ-	*qaq-
吃	*siː-	*ʂi-
给	*=o	*=u-
杀	*xeːy	*=s=ʁa-
名	*ʔiɢ	*ek
那	ʔu, ʔa	*i-
眼	*de-s	*=l-ɕi
我	*ʔaʒ	*ʓa
叶	*yəːpe	*ƛap
根	*ciːǯ	*cʰereʂ
你	*ʔaw	*un

参考文献

^ Clarke, Hyde. 1870. ‘Response to Leitner´s verbal presentation (November 23rd, 1869)’. Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, New Series II: 32-34.
^ George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas. An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayas, p 1144 ff
^ Roger Blench (1999) "Language phyla of the Indo-Pacific region: Recent research and classification", in Bellwood & Lilley, eds., Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin, 18:59–76, Australian National University
^ Blažek, Václav. 2019. Toward the question of Yeniseian homeland in perspective of toponymy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. 14th Annual Sergei Starostin Memorial Conference on Comparative-Historical Linguistics. Moscow: RSUH.
^ Van Driem 2001:1146
^ Roland Bielmeier (review, 2003), "On the Languages of the Himalayas and their Links (nearly) around the World", EBHR 24:96
^ Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]
^ Bengtson, John D. Burushaski and Yeniseian and the Karasuk Culture. 14th Harvard Round Table on the Ethnogenesis of South and Central Asia. Harvard University. 2010 [2023-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）.
^ А. С. Касьян, Г. С. Старостин. Автоматическое сравнение енисейско-буришской базисной лексики и вероятностная оценка схождений （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. XII традиционные чтения памяти С. А. Старостина. РГГУ, 23-24 марта 2017 г. (Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) （俄語）

[1] Clarke, Hyde. 1870. ‘Response to Leitner´s verbal presentation (November 23rd, 1869)’. Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, New Series II: 32-34.

[2] George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas. An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayas, p 1144 ff

[3] Roger Blench (1999) "Language phyla of the Indo-Pacific region: Recent research and classification", in Bellwood & Lilley, eds., Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin, 18:59–76, Australian National University

[4] Blažek, Václav. 2019. Toward the question of Yeniseian homeland in perspective of toponymy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. 14th Annual Sergei Starostin Memorial Conference on Comparative-Historical Linguistics. Moscow: RSUH.

[5] Van Driem 2001:1146

[6] Roland Bielmeier (review, 2003), "On the Languages of the Himalayas and their Links (nearly) around the World", EBHR 24:96

[7] Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]

[8] Bengtson, John D. Burushaski and Yeniseian and the Karasuk Culture. 14th Harvard Round Table on the Ethnogenesis of South and Central Asia. Harvard University. 2010 [2023-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）.

[9] А. С. Касьян, Г. С. Старостин. Автоматическое сравнение енисейско-буришской базисной лексики и вероятностная оценка схождений （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. XII традиционные чтения памяти С. А. Старостина. РГГУ, 23-24 марта 2017 г. (Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) （俄語）

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