柳叶石楠

柳叶石楠
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支：	蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目：	蔷薇目 Rosales
科：	蔷薇科 Rosaceae
亚科：	桃亚科 Amygdaloideae
族：	苹果族 Maleae
亚族：	苹果亚族 Malinae
属：	柳石楠属 Heteromeles; M.Roem. nom. cons. 1847
种：	柳叶石楠 H. arbutifolia
二名法
	Heteromeles arbutifolia; (Lindl.) M.Roem.
異名
	Photinia arbutifolia Lindl.; Crataegus arbutifolia W.T.Aiton nom. illeg.; Heteromeles fremontiana Decaisne; Heteromeles salicifolia (C.Presl) Abrams; Photinia salicifolia C.Presl;

柳叶石楠（Heteromeles arbutifolia；英语：toyon、Christmas berry^[5]、California holly）是柳石楠屬的唯一一种，是一种多年生灌木，原产于俄勒冈州西南部^[6]^[7]、加利福尼亚州和下加利福尼亞半島^[4]。

特征

柳叶石楠高2-5米（少数可达10 m），其叶子常绿，互生，边缘有锯齿。在初夏，它会开直径6-10毫米的白色小花，伞状花序。 ^[8]

叶
花
果
加州的花丛

运用

加利福尼亚的土著用它治疗阿茲海默症。该植物中含有不少对阿尔茨海默病治疗有益的活性化合物。^[9]

其果实含有少量有毒的生氰糖苷，但仍被丘马什人、通瓦人等原住民当做食物，可以煮粥或做成煎饼。这些果实需要烤熟以去除其酸涩感。^[10]

通瓦人称其为“ashuwet”，会用其果实、花朵泡茶。它捣碎后可以外敷治疗伤口、减轻疼痛^[11]。

参考文献

^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). 2020. Heteromeles arbutifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T156822115A156822117. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T156822115A156822117.en. Downloaded on 23 September 2021.
^ Jepson Flora Project (1993) Heteromeles arbutifolia, University of California, Berkeley. [2022-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-28）.
^ Tropicos.org, [11 November 2016], （原始内容存档于2022-03-04）
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 James B. Phipps, Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindley) M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 105. 1847, Flora of North America 9, 2015 [2022-06-11], （原始内容存档于2022-03-04）
^ James B. Phipps, Heteromeles M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 100, 105. 1847. [name conserved], Flora of North America 9, 2015 [2022-06-11], （原始内容存档于2022-01-27）
^ Final Environmental Impact Statement - Appendices (PDF). Smith River National Recreation Area Restoration and Motorize Travel Management (United States Department of Agriculture). December 2016: 192 [2022-06-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-04-05）. Heteromeles arbutifolia is found in Oregon and the location southwest of Pappas Flat is not the northernmost site in the Pacific Northwest. Additionally, this site is adjacent to Highway 199 and will not be affected by the proposed actions, and is outside the geographic scope of the project.
^ Wood, Wendell. Toyon Joins the List of Oregon's Native Shrubs (PDF). Bulletin of the Native Plant Society of Oregon. February 2008, 41 (2): 11, 18 [2022-06-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-12-18）.
^ Heteromeles arbutifolia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at iNaturalist
^ Wang; Dubois; Young; Lien; Adams. Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety. Medicines. 7 Jul 2016, 3 (3): 17. PMC 5456246 . PMID 28930127. doi:10.3390/medicines3030017 .
^ Bean, John Bean; Saubel, Katherine Siva. Temalpakh (from the Earth): Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Malki Museum Press. 1969 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 978-0939046249. （原始内容存档于2023-05-21）.
^ Ashuwet. Tongva Medicinal Plants. [2022-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-01）.

外部链接

Heteromeles salicifolia. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). USDA.

[1] IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). 2020. Heteromeles arbutifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T156822115A156822117. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T156822115A156822117.en. Downloaded on 23 September 2021.

[2] Jepson Flora Project (1993) Heteromeles arbutifolia, University of California, Berkeley. [2022-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-28）.

[3] Tropicos.org, [11 November 2016], （原始内容存档于2022-03-04）

[PhippsHA-4] 4.0 ^4.1 James B. Phipps, Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindley) M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 105. 1847, Flora of North America 9, 2015 [2022-06-11], （原始内容存档于2022-03-04）

[FNA2-5] James B. Phipps, Heteromeles M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 100, 105. 1847. [name conserved], Flora of North America 9, 2015 [2022-06-11], （原始内容存档于2022-01-27）

[6] Final Environmental Impact Statement - Appendices (PDF). Smith River National Recreation Area Restoration and Motorize Travel Management (United States Department of Agriculture). December 2016: 192 [2022-06-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-04-05）. Heteromeles arbutifolia is found in Oregon and the location southwest of Pappas Flat is not the northernmost site in the Pacific Northwest. Additionally, this site is adjacent to Highway 199 and will not be affected by the proposed actions, and is outside the geographic scope of the project.

[7] Wood, Wendell. Toyon Joins the List of Oregon's Native Shrubs (PDF). Bulletin of the Native Plant Society of Oregon. February 2008, 41 (2): 11, 18 [2022-06-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-12-18）.

[8] Heteromeles arbutifolia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at iNaturalist

[toyonalzheimers2016M-9] Wang; Dubois; Young; Lien; Adams. Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety. Medicines. 7 Jul 2016, 3 (3): 17. PMC 5456246 . PMID 28930127. doi:10.3390/medicines3030017 .

[temalpakh-10] Bean, John Bean; Saubel, Katherine Siva. Temalpakh (from the Earth): Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Malki Museum Press. 1969 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 978-0939046249. （原始内容存档于2023-05-21）.

[tongva-11] Ashuwet. Tongva Medicinal Plants. [2022-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-01）.

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