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维生素B3

维基百科,自由的百科全书
维生素B3
药物种类
维生素B3的三个维生素异构体之一——烟酰胺的结构
生物靶标酶辅因子
ATC代码A11H
外部链接
MeSHD009536
AHFS/Drugs.comNiacin

维生素B3属于维生素B族,包括三个维生素异构体英语vitamer,分别是烟酸烟酰胺烟酰胺核糖[1]这三种维生素异构体在人体内都会转化成烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)。[1]生命需要NAD,而人体不能在没有维生素B3色氨酸的情况下合成NAD。[1]烟酰胺核糖于2004年被确认是维生素B3之一。[2][1]

动植物可以通过色氨酸合成烟酸。[3]烟酸存在于许多食物中,其中肉类、家禽、金枪鱼三文鱼中的烟酸含量最高,而坚果、豆类和种子中的烟酸含量较少。[4][5]作为营养补充品的烟酸可以治疗因缺乏维生素B3导致的糙皮病。糙皮病的症状有皮肤和口腔病变、贫血、头痛和疲倦。[6]许多国家都会要求在面粉和其它粮食添加烟酸防止糙皮病。[4][7]

烟酰胺辅因子烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADP+)的组成部分。虽然烟酸和烟酰胺在维生素活性上相同,但作为酰胺的烟酰胺不会还原胆固醇,也不会造成脸红英语flushing (physiology)[8][9]由于脸红被认为是不良反应,因此烟酰胺被推荐为维生素B3缺乏症的治疗方法。[10]

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Stipanuk, Martha H.; Caudill, Marie A. Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013: 541. ISBN 9780323266956 (英语). Vitamin B3... potentially includes three different molecular forms: nicotinic acid, niacinamide, and nicotinamide riboside 
  2. ^ Bieganowski, P; Brenner, C. Discoveries of nicotinamide riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans.. Cell. 14 May 2004, 117 (4): 495–502. PMID 15137942. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00416-7可免费查阅. 
  3. ^ Institute of Medicine. Niacin. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1998: 123–149 [29 August 2018]. ISBN 9780309065542. (原始内容存档于2018-09-01). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Niacin. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 8 October 2018 [16 September 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-12). 
  5. ^ Niacin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 3 June 2020 [29 June 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-23). 
  6. ^ Hegyi J, Schwartz RA, Hegyi V. Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. International Journal of Dermatology. January 2004, 43 (1): 1–5. PMID 14693013. S2CID 33877664. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01959.x. 
  7. ^ Why fortify?. Food Fortification Initiative. 2017 [4 April 2017]. (原始内容存档于4 April 2017). 
  8. ^ Jaconello P. Niacin versus niacinamide. CMAJ. October 1992, 147 (7): 990. PMC 1336277可免费查阅. PMID 1393911. 
  9. ^ Kirkland JB. Niacin requirements for genomic stability. Mutation Research. May 2012, 733 (1–2): 14–20 [2023-01-29]. PMID 22138132. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.11.008. (原始内容存档于2020-08-04). 
  10. ^ World Health Organization. Pellagra And Its Prevention And Control In Major Emergencies (报告). World Health Organization (WHO). 2000. hdl:10665/66704可免费查阅. WHO/NHD/00.10.