触角神经叶
触角叶是昆虫中主要的嗅觉脑区(一级脑区)。它位于昆虫大脑中,呈球形的副脑桥神经纤维网,接收来自触角和口部的嗅觉感受神经元的输入。功能上,触角叶与脊椎动物中的嗅球相似。 [1]研究者们可以通过解剖昆虫大脑、成像或进行体内电生理记录来研究昆虫大脑的解剖结构和生理功能。
结构
在昆虫中,嗅觉通路始于触角(虽然一些昆虫如果蝇在身体的其他部位也有嗅觉感受神经元)。感觉神经元将来自气味分子对触角的刺激信息传递到触角叶。[2] 触角叶由称为嗅小球的密集神经细胞组成,与其他两种神经元(突触后主要神经元,也称为投射神经元,以及局部中间神经元)发生突触连接。 [2]每个嗅觉感受神经元都表达一种特定的气味受体类型,并且与同样表达该受体类型的其他嗅觉感受神经元定位于相同的嗅小球,因此每个嗅小球容纳了特定受体类型的所有或大部分感觉神经元。 [1] [3] [4] 嗅小球的数量和特征因物种而异,大多数物种在触角叶中具有40到160个可单独识别的嗅小球。[2] 例如,蚊子有32个嗅小球,[2]果蝇触角叶有43个嗅小球,蟑螂则有203个嗅小球。 [5]抑制性的局部神经元突触仅存在于触角叶内。投射神经元通常从单个嗅小球接收信息,并传递到更高级的脑中枢,如蕈形体和侧角。 [6] [7] [8] 嗅觉受体神经元、局部神经元和投射神经元之间的相互作用,将感觉神经元输入的信息重新编码为时间与空间的信息,并将其发送到更高级的脑中枢。 [9] [10]
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