駭客行動主義

维基百科，自由的百科全书

駭客行動主義（英語：hacktivism），或譯作「駭客激進主義」、「駭客主義」、「激進駭客」，是駭客（英語：hacking）與行動主義（英語：activism）的合成词，指一種網路行動主義；其採取資訊技术、駭客攻击展開公民不服從運動，以期達到推动政治议程或社会变革的目標。 [1] 駭客行動主義，根植於駭客文化和駭客倫理，其目的常為了言论自由、人权或資訊自由。 [2]

駭客行動主義活动涉及许多政治理念和議題。 自由網，是對抗审查的点对点通信平台，是将政治理念和言论自由主張转化为實際代码的典型例子。駭客攻击，作为行動主義手段，诸如匿名者和维基解密之类的激进分子在网络發起，也可以由單一激進分子活動，在不存在領導全體的權威下，为共同目标而相互合作。 [3]

“駭客行動主義”，是歧義術語。这个合成词的诞生，是为了描述电子直接行动，即通过结合程式設計技術和批判性思维来努力实现社会变革。然而，正如駭客，有时也意味着网络犯罪，駭客行動主義，也可能指帶恶意的、破坏性的、破坏網路安全的行动主义。[4] 相较於以往的行动主义形式，駭客行動主義取得了前所未有的成功，而吸引了更多参与者，更多工具的投入，取得更大影响力，能够改变选举结果、引发冲突，甚至摧毁企业。[5]

根据美国《2020-2022年反情报战略》，除了国家对手和跨国犯罪组织外，“駭客行動主義者、泄密行动主义者和公开披露组织等受意识形态驱动的实体构成了重大威胁”。 [6] [7]

無政府主義駭客

起源和定义

1995年，Jason Sack首次使用了“駭客行動主義”一词，去評論新媒体艺术家鄭淑麗的电影《Fresh Kill》 。 [8][9] 然而，死牛崇拜(cDc) 成员“Omega”多視為首個以現代意義发明該術語的人。1996年，Omega发给组织成員的电子邮件中使用了“駭客行動主義”一词。 [10][11] Omega主張，言論自由乃人的基本權利；為保障言論自由，需保護所有人自由且平等的近用權，而駭客行動主義（英語：hacktivism）便是達成此目標的手段。[12] 由於該術語的歧義性，有些定义涵蓋网络恐怖主义行動；其他定义則重申使用駭客技术改變社会。[13] [14]

著名的駭客行動主義团体與激進駭客

维基解密

主条目：维基解密

2006年，媒体和出版商维基解密成立。维基解密是非营利性组织，资金来自捐款[25]和媒体合作。维基解密发表了匿名消息来源提供的机密文件和其他媒体。[26] 维基解密创辦人是澳大利亚编辑、出版商和運動家朱利安·阿桑奇。目前，阿桑奇正因与维基解密的合作，而遭要求引渡到美国。[27] 2018年9月起， 克里斯汀‧拉芬森出任主编。[28][29] 从2022年11月开始，维基解密网站上的许多文件无法访问。[30][31][32][33]

福克斯面具是匿名者社群常使用的面具。

匿名者

主条目：匿名者_(黑客組織)

2003年，匿名者起源於4chan的貼圖區。4chan允許使用者在無政府狀態中相互交流[34][35][36]。匿名者通常習慣帶上福克斯面具隱藏身份[37][38][39]。在早期，成員們通常會在線上社群約定一些無強制力目標，主要是娛樂方面，或一些惡作劇。然而，2008年，匿名者發起「Project Chanology」行動，抗議、惡作劇和駭客攻擊對抗山達基教會，從此聲名大噪。自此，匿名者參與更多與國際問題有關的駭客行動。

DkD[||

2003年3月，法国激進駭客DkD[||遭中央打击网络犯罪办公室（OCLCTIC）逮捕。 DkD[|| 破壞超过2千個页面，其中许多是政府和美国军事网站。里尔地区司法警察局的 Eric Voulleminot 稱這名駭客为“法国头号激進駭客”。[40]

出於其政治观点，DkD[|| 在地下世界里是位出名的涂鸦者。對於他的逮捕，Ghost Boys 在许多navy.mil网站塗鴉了“釋放 DkD[||!!” 口号。 [41][42]

LulzSec

主条目：LulzSec

2011年5月，5名匿名者成員組成駭客團LulzSec，因在成立2個月內發起的「反安全小組行動」（英語：Operation AntiSec）而聲名大噪。名稱來自「笑」（英語：lulz）與安全（英語：security）的混生語。 [43] 5名成員為"Sabu"、"Kayla"、"T-Flow"、"Topiary"、"AVUnit"與"Pwnsauce"。[44]

參見

参考

註腳

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延伸阅读

外部链接

电脑入侵
事件
政府机构
黑客组织
个人
恶意软件
概念·思想
手段·技术
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