User:Haoyangxu/绿色新政

维基百科，自由的百科全书
  关于2008年英国报告，请见「A Green New Deal」。
環境經濟學系列之一
環境經濟學
碳訂價
氣候變遷
概念
能源移轉
政策

绿色新政是一系列美国立法提案，目标是应对气候变化和贫富差距问题。[1][2][3][4]这套法案的名字来源于美国总统罗斯福为应对大萧条而实行的一套社会、经济和公共工程举措，新政。[5]绿色新政结合了罗斯福式的经济手段和可持续能源及资源效率（英语：resource efficiency）等当代概念。[6][7]

该套法案以两个决议的形式向第116届美国国会提出：众议院第109号决议和参议院第59号决议，分别由亚历山德里娅·奥卡西奥-科尔特斯（纽约州民主党议员）和艾德·马基（马塞诸塞州民主党议员）主导。[8]2019年3月25日，马基的提案以0票赞成，57票反对的结果未能在参议院获得通过。大部分民主党议员都投了弃权票，以抗议先前共和党人发起的一次投票。[9]公众当中的民主党人始终对绿色新政有很高的支持率，而共和党人，特别是福克斯新闻台的观众，反对绿色新政。[10]

从21世纪初，特别是2018年以后，美国和其它国家都先后提出过「绿色新政」的提案。[11][12][13]

历史

生产可再生能源的可持续农业

20世纪70年代和90年代，劳工和环境运动的活动家们提出一项经济政策，旨在让美国经济脱离对不可再生能源的依赖。[14]

早期使用“绿色新政”一词的人物之一是记者托马斯·弗里德曼。[15]他在《纽约时报》和《纽约时报杂志》中对这一想法表达了赞许。[16][17]2007年1月，弗里德曼写道：

如果你在后院安装风力发电机，或者房顶上安装太阳能板，你干得不错。但是改善全世界的环境需要我们改变电力网络的本质——从脏煤和石油转向清洁煤和可再生能源。这会是一项巨大的产业工程——比任何人告诉你的都要更大。最后，就像罗斯福新政那样，如果我们投入这项绿色新政，它有潜力创造一个全新的清洁能源产业，把我们的经济带进21世纪。[17]

这一想法后来在英国得到了绿色新政团体（Green New Deal Group）的采纳，[18]该团体在2008年7月21日发表了同名的报告。[19]当联合国环境署（UNEP）开始推广这一概念时，它获得了更大的普及和更多的支持。

2008年初，作者Jeff Biggers从他关于阿巴拉契亚煤矿产区的作品视角出发，对绿色新政提出了一系列挑战。Biggers 写道：“奥巴马应当通过提出改善这一区域的新‘绿色’政策，在意见分裂的民主党人间架起桥梁，并且号召终结导致了矿区贫困和破坏的露天开采做法，来打破这些人为的种族边界。[20] 后来的四年中，Biggers继续报道了其它的绿色新政提案。[21]

On October 22, 2008, UNEP's Executive Director Achim Steiner unveiled a Global Green New Deal initiative that aims to create jobs in "green" industries, thus boosting the world economy and curbing climate change at the same time.[22] The Green Party of the United States and Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein proposed a "Green New Deal" beginning in 2012.[23][24][25] The Green New Deal remains officially part of the platform of the Green Party of the United States.[26]

In the United States

Early efforts

In 2006, a Green New Deal was created by the Green New Deal Task Force as a plan for one hundred percent clean, renewable energy by 2030 utilizing a carbon tax, a jobs guarantee, free college, single-payer healthcare, and a focus on using public programs.[4][27][28]

Since 2006 the Green New Deal has been included in the platforms of multiple Green Party candidates, such as Howie Hawkins' gubernatorial campaigns in 2010, 2014, and 2018, and Jill Stein's 2012 and 2016 presidential campaigns.[27]

Later adoption

A "Green New Deal" wing began to emerge in the Democratic Party after the November 2018 elections.[29][30]

A possible program in 2018 for a "Green New Deal" assembled by the think tank Data for Progress was described as "pairing labor programs with measures to combat the climate crisis."[31][32]

A November 2018 article in Vogue stated, "There isn’t just one Green New Deal yet. For now, it’s a platform position that some candidates are taking to indicate that they want the American government to devote the country to preparing for climate change as fully as Franklin Delano Roosevelt once did to reinvigorating the economy after the Great Depression."[33]

A week after the 2018 midterm elections, climate justice group Sunrise Movement organized a protest in Nancy Pelosi's office calling on Pelosi to support a Green New Deal. On the same day, freshman congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez launched a resolution to create a committee on the Green New Deal.[34] Following this, several candidates came out supporting a "Green New Deal", including Deb Haaland, Rashida Tlaib, Ilhan Omar, and Antonio Delgado.[35] They were joined in the following weeks by Reps. John Lewis, Earl Blumenauer, Carolyn Maloney, and José Serrano.[36]

By the end of November, eighteen Democratic members of Congress were co-sponsoring a proposed House Select Committee on a Green New Deal, and incoming representatives Ayanna Pressley and Joe Neguse had announced their support.[37][38] Draft text would task this committee with a “'detailed national, industrial, economic mobilization plan' capable of making the U.S. economy 'carbon neutral' while promoting 'economic and environmental justice and equality,'" to be released in early 2020, with draft legislation for implementation within 90 days.[39][40]

Organizations supporting a Green New Deal initiative included 350.org, Greenpeace, Sierra Club, Extinction Rebellion and Friends of the Earth.[41][42]

A Sunrise Movement protest on behalf of a Green New Deal at the Capitol Hill offices of Nancy Pelosi and Steny Hoyer on December 10, 2018 featured Lennox Yearwood and speakers as young as age 7, resulting in 143 arrests.[43] Euronews, the pan-European news organization, displayed video of youth with signs saying "Green New Deal," "No excuses", and "Do your job" in its "No Comment" section.[44]

On December 14, 2018, a group of over 300 local elected officials from 40 states issued a letter endorsing a Green New Deal approach.[45][46]

That same day, a poll released by Yale Program on Climate Change Communication indicated that although 82% of registered voters had not heard of the "Green New Deal," it had strong bi-partisan support among voters. A non-partisan description of the general concepts behind a Green New Deal resulted in 40% of respondents saying they “strongly support”, and 41% saying they “somewhat support” the idea.[47]

On January 10, 2019 over 600 organizations submitted a letter to Congress declaring support for policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This includes ending fossil fuel extraction and subsidies, transitioning to 100% clean renewable energy by 2035, expanding public transportation, and strict emission reductions rather than reliance on carbon emission trading.[48]

Green New Deal Resolution

Ed Markey speaks on a Green New Deal in front of the Capitol Building in February 2019
维基文库中的相关原始文献：Green New Deal

Senator Edward Markey and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez released a fourteen-page resolution[8] for their Green New Deal on February 7, 2019. The approach pushes for transitioning the United States to use 100% renewable, zero-emission energy sources, including investment into electric cars and high-speed rail systems, and implementing the "social cost of carbon" that has been part of Obama administration's plans for addressing climate change within 10 years. Besides increasing state-sponsored jobs, this Green New Deal is also aimed to address poverty by aiming much of the improvements in the "frontline and vulnerable communities" which include the poor and disadvantaged people. To gain additional support, the resolution includes calls for universal health care, increased minimum wages, and preventing monopolies.[49]

According to The Washington Post (February 11, 2019), the resolution calls for a “10-year national mobilization” whose primary goals would be:[50]

"Guaranteeing a job with a family-sustaining wage, adequate family and medical leave, paid vacations, and retirement security to all people of the United States."
"Providing all people of the United States with – (i) high-quality health care; (ii) affordable, safe, and adequate housing; (iii) economic security; and (iv) access to clean water, clean air, healthy and affordable food, and nature."
"Providing resources, training, and high-quality education, including higher education, to all people of the United States."
"Meeting 100 percent of the power demand in the United States through clean, renewable, and zero-emission energy sources."
"Repairing and upgrading the infrastructure in the United States, including . . . by eliminating pollution and greenhouse gas emissions as much as technologically feasible."
"Building or upgrading to energy-efficient, distributed, and ‘smart’ power grids, and working to ensure affordable access to electricity."
"Upgrading all existing buildings in the United States and building new buildings to achieve maximal energy efficiency, water efficiency, safety, affordability, comfort, and durability, including through electrification."
"Overhauling transportation systems in the United States to eliminate pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector as much as is technologically feasible, including through investment in – (i) zero-emission vehicle infrastructure and manufacturing; (ii) clean, affordable, and accessible public transportation; and (iii) high-speed rail."
"Spurring massive growth in clean manufacturing in the United States and removing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from manufacturing and industry as much as is technologically feasible."
"Working collaboratively with farmers and ranchers in the United States to eliminate pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector as much as is technologically feasible."[51]

On March 26, in what Democrats called a "stunt," Republicans called for an early vote on the resolution without allowing discussion or expert testimony. In protest, 42 Democrats and one Independent who caucuses with Democrats voted "present"[52] resulting in a 57–0 defeat on the Senate floor. Three Democrats and one Independent who caucuses with Democrats voted against the bill, while the other votes were along party lines. President Donald Trump has spoken out against the Green New Deal and has referred to climate change as a “hoax.”[53]

House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis

主条目：United States House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis

Various perspectives emerged in late 2018 as to whether to form a committee dedicated to climate, what powers such a committee might be granted, and whether the committee would be specifically tasked with developing a Green New Deal.

Incoming House committee chairs Frank Pallone and Peter DeFazio indicated a preference for handling these matters in the House Energy and Commerce Committee and the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee.[41][54] (Writing in Gentleman's Quarterly, Jay Willis responded that despite the best efforts of Pallone and De Fazio over many years, "the planet's prognosis has failed to improve," providing "pretty compelling evidence that it is time for legislators to consider taking a different approach.")[40]

In contrast, Representative Ro Khanna thought that creating a Select Committee specifically dedicated to a Green New Deal would be a "very commonsense idea", based on the recent example of the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming (2007–2011), which had proven effective in developing a 2009 bill for cap-and-trade legislation.[41][54]

Proposals for the House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis did not contain “Green New Deal" language and lacked the powers desired by Green New Deal proponents, such as the ability to subpoena documents or depose witnesses.[55][56][57]

Representative Kathy Castor of Florida was appointed to chair the committee.[57][58]

January 2019 letter to Congress from environmental groups

On January 10, 2019, a letter signed by 626 organizations in support of a Green New Deal was sent to all members of Congress. It called for measures such as "an expansion of the Clean Air Act; a ban on crude oil exports; an end to fossil fuel subsidies and fossil fuel leasing; and a phase-out of all gasoline-powered vehicles by 2040."[59][60]

The letter also indicated that signatories would "vigorously oppose" ... “market-based mechanisms and technology options such as carbon and emissions trading and offsets, carbon capture and storage, nuclear power, waste-to-energy and biomass energy.”[59]

Six major environmental groups did not sign on to the letter: the Sierra Club, the Natural Resources Defense Council, the Environmental Defense Fund, Mom's Clean Air Force, Environment America, and the Audubon Society.[61]

An article in The Atlantic quoted Greg Carlock, who prepared "a different Green New Deal plan for the left-wing think tank Data for Progress" as responding, “There is no scenario produced by the IPCC or the UN where we hit mid-century decarbonization without some kind of carbon capture.”[59]

The MIT Technology Review responded to the letter with an article titled, "Let’s Keep the Green New Deal Grounded in Science." The MIT article states that, although the letter refers to the "rapid and aggressive action" needed to prevent the 1.5 ˚C of warming specified in the UN climate panel's latest report, simply acknowledging the report's recommendation is not sufficient. If the letter's signatories start from a position where the options of carbon pricing, carbon capture for fossil plants, hydropower, and nuclear power, are not even on the table for consideration, there may be no feasible technical means to reach the necessary 1.5 ˚C climate goal.[62]

A report in Axios suggested that the letter's omission of a carbon tax, which has been supported by moderate Republicans, did not mean that signatories would oppose carbon pricing.[63][60]

The Director of the Center for Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy at George Mason University was quoted as saying, "As long as organizations hold onto a rigid set of ideas about what the solution is, it’s going to be hard to make progress ... And that’s what worries me."[62]

Criticism

Many who support some goals of the Green New Deal express doubt about feasibility of one or more parts of it. John P. Holdren, former science advisor to Obama, thinks the 2030 goal is too optimistic, saying that 2045 or 2050 would be more realistic.[64]

Many members of the Green party have also attacked the plan due to its cutting of multiple parts of their plan, such as the elimination of nuclear power and jobs guarantee, and the changing of the goal from a one hundred percent clean, renewable energy economy by 2030 to the elimination of the U.S. carbon footprint by 2030.[27][28]

Paul Bledsoe of the Progressive Policy Institute, the think tank affiliated with the conservative Democratic Leadership Council, expressed concern that setting unrealistic "aspirational" goals of 100% renewable energy could undermine "the credibility of the effort" against climate change.[41]

Economist Edward Barbier, who developed the "Global Green New Deal" proposal for the United Nations Environment Programme in 2009, opposes "a massive federal jobs program," saying "The government would end up doing more and more of what the private sector and industry should be doing." Barbier prefers carbon pricing, such as a carbon tax or cap-and-trade system, in order to "address distortions in the economy that are holding back private sector innovation and investments in clean energy."[65]

When Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) was confronted by youth associated with the Sunrise Movement on why she does not support the Green New Deal, she told them "there’s no way to pay for it" and that it could not pass a Republican-controlled Senate. In a tweet following the confrontation, Feinstein said that she remains committed "to enact real, meaningful climate change legislation."[66]

In February 2019, the centre-right American Action Forum, estimated that the plan could cost between $51–$93 trillion over the next decade.[67] They estimate its potential cost at $600,000 per household.[68] The organization estimated the cost for eliminating carbon emissions from the transportation system at $1.3–2.7 trillion; guaranteeing a job to every American $6.8–44.6 trillion; universal health care estimated close to $36 trillion.[69] According to Bloomberg Businessweek, Wall Street is willing to invest significant resources toward GND programs, but not unless Congress commits to moving it forward.[70]

The AFL-CIO, in a letter to Ocasio-Cortez, expressed strong reservations about the GND, saying, "We welcome the call for labor rights and dialogue with labor, but the Green New Deal resolution is far too short on specific solutions that speak to the jobs of our members and the critical sections of our economy."[71]

In an op-ed for Slate, Alex Baca criticizes the Green New Deal for failing to address the environmental, economic, and social consequences of urban sprawl.[72] Adam Millsap criticizes the GND's overreliance on public transit to make cities more environmentally friendly, since public transit integrates better in monocentric cities than in polycentric ones. He suggests land use reforms to increase density, congestion pricing, and eliminating parking requirements as measures that can be applied more flexibly to cities with monocentric and polycentric layouts.[73]

Left-wing criticism

Although the Green New Deal is often presented as a left-wing proposal, criticism of it has come from left-wing commentators who have argued that the Green New Deal fails to tackle the real cause of the climate emergency, namely the concept of unending growth and consumption inherent in capitalism, and is instead an attempt to greenwash capitalism.[74] Left wing critics of the Green New Deal argue that it is not the monetisation of Green policies and practices within capitalism that are necessary, but an anti-capitalist adoption of policies for de-growth.[75]

Criticism of a draft document

Both Republican politicians and those generally critical of progressivism in the United States have criticized a "Frequently Asked Questions" document once posted to Rep. Ocasio-Cortez's website (later removed but still viewable on the Wayback Machine.)[76] Many criticisms centred on a line promising economic security to those "unwilling to work". (Green New Deal advisor Robert C. Hockett stated that this line was present only in "doctored" versions of the FAQ, but later said he had been mistaken.[77]) According to Ocasio-Cortez, the document was a draft and "a staffer that had a really bad day at work" published it.[78]

Supporters

In September 2019, Naomi Klein published On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal.[79] On Fire is a collection of essays focusing on climate change and the urgent actions needed to preserve the planet. Klein relates her meeting with Greta Thunberg in the opening essay in which she discusses the entrance of young people into those speaking out for climate awareness and change. She supports the Green New Deal throughout the book and in the final essay she discusses the 2020 U.S. election saying "The stakes of the election are almost unbearably high. It’s why I wrote the book and decided to put it out now and why I’ll be doing whatever I can to help push people toward supporting a candidate with the most ambitious Green New Deal platform—so that they win the primaries and then the general."[80] [81][82]

Vice Presidents

  • Al Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States, Former United States Senator from Tennessee, Former U.S Representative from Tennessee's 6th congressional district and 4th congressional district environmentalist, filmmaker[3]
  • Joe Biden, 47th Vice President of the United States, Former United States Senator from Delaware and seeking the nomination in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[83]

Individuals

Senators

Representatives

  • Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, U.S. Representative from New York's 14th congressional district[106]
  • Alcee Hastings, U.S Representative from Florida's 20th Congressional District.[107]
  • Rashida Tlaib, U.S. Representative from Michigan's 13th congressional district.[108]
  • Jose Serrano, U.S Representative from New York's 15th congressional district.[107]
  • Carolyn Maloney, U.S Representative from New York's 12th congressional district.[107]
  • Juan Vargas, U.S Representative from California's 51st congressional district.[107]
  • Adriano Espaillat, U.S Representative from New York's 13th congressional district.[109]
  • Stephen F. Lynch, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 8th congressional district.[107]
  • Nydia Velázquez, Chair of the House Small Business Committee and U.S Representative from New York's 7th congressional district.[107]
  • Earl Blumenauer, U.S. Representative from Oregon's 3rd congressional district.[110]
  • Brendan Boyle, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district.[111]
  • Joaquin Castro,U.S. Representative from Texas 20th congressional district.[107]
  • Yvette Clarke,U.S Representative from New York's 9th congressional district.[112]
  • Pramila Jayapal,U.S Representative from Washingtion's 7th congressional district.[113]
  • Ro Khanna, U.S Representative from California's 17th congressional district.[114]
  • Ted Lieu, U.S Representative from California's 33rd congressional district.[107]
  • Ayanna Pressley, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 7th congressional district.[115]
  • Peter Welch, U.S. Representative from Vermont At Large.[116]
  • Eliot Engel, Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee and U.S. Representative from New York's 16th congressional discrict.[117]
  • Joe Neguse, U.S. Representative from Colorado's 2nd congressional district.[118]
  • Jerry Nadler, Chair of the House Judiciary Committee and U.S. Representative from New York's 10th congressional district.[119]
  • James McGovern, Chair of the House Rules Committee and U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district.[119]
  • Mark Pocan, Co-Chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and U.S. Representative from Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district.[113]
  • Mark Takano,Chair of the House Veterans' Affairs Committee and U.S. Representative from California's 41st congressional district.[107]
  • Eleanor Holmes Norton, Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from the District of Columbia's at-large district.[107]
  • Jamie Raskin, U.S. Representative from Maryland 8th congressional district.[107]
  • Gerry Connolly, U.S. Representative from Virginia's 10th congressional district.[107]
  • Alan Lowenthal, U.S. Representative from California's 47th congressional district.[120]
  • Doris Matsui, U.S. Representative from California's 6th congressional district.[121]
  • Mike Thompson, U.S. Representative from California's 5th congressional district.[122]
  • Mike Levin, U.S. Representative from California's 49th congressional district.[123]
  • Chellie Pingree, U.S. Representative from Maine's 1st congressional district.[107]
  • Mike Quigley,U.S. Representative from Illinois's 5th congressional district.[124]
  • Jared Huffman,U.S. Representative from California's 2nd congressional district.[125]
  • Bonnie Watson Coleman,U.S. Representative from New Jersey's 12th congressional district.[107]
  • Jesús "Chuy" García, U.S. Representative from Illinois's 4th congressional district.[126]
  • Brian Higgins, U.S. Representative from New York's 26th congressional district.[107]
  • Deb Haaland,U.S. Representative from New Mexico's 1st congressional district.[127]
  • Grace Meng,U.S. Representative from New Yorks's 6th congressional district.[107]
  • Salud Carbajal, U.S. Representative from California's 24th congressional district.[107]
  • David Cicilline, U.S. Representative from Rhode Island's 1st congressional district.[128]
  • Steve Cohen,U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 9th congressional district.[107]
  • Katherine Clark, Vice Chair of the House Democratic Caucus and U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 5th congressional district.[107]
  • Judy Chu,U.S. Representative from California's 27th congressional district.[107]
  • Debbie Mucarsel-Powell, U.S. Representative from Florida's 26th congressional district.[107]
  • Seth Moulton,U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 6th congressional district and former 2020 Presidential candidate.[129]
  • Raúl Grijalva, Chair of the House Natural Resources Committee and U.S. Representative from Arizona's 3rd congressional district.[130]
  • Gregory Meeks,U.S. Representative from New York's 5th congressional district.[107]
  • Gregorio Sablan, Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from the Northern Mariana Islands' at-large district.[131]
  • Barbara Lee,U.S. Representative from California's 13th congressional district.[107]
  • Suzanne Bonamici,U.S. Representative from Oregon's 1st congressional district.[107]
  • Sean Patrick Maloney,U.S. Representative from New York's 18th congressional district.[132]
  • Janice Schakowsky, U.S. Representative from Illinois 9th congressional district.[107]
  • Rosa DeLauro, U.S. Representative from Connecticut's 3rd congressional district.[107]
  • Andy Levin, U.S. Representative from Michigan's 9th congressional district.[133]
  • Betty McCollum, U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 4th congressional district.[134]
  • Mark DeSaulnier,U.S. Representative from California's 11th congressional district.[107]
  • Joe Courtney,U.S. Representative from Connecticut's 2nd congressional district.[107]
  • John Larson,U.S. Representative from Connecticut's 1st congressional district.[107]
  • Veronica Escobar,U.S. Representative from Texas 16th congressional district.[107]
  • Adam Schiff,Chair of the House Intelligence Committee and U.S. Representative from California's 28th congressional district.[107]
  • Bill Keating (politician),U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 9th congressional district.[107]
  • Peter DeFazio,Chair of the House Transportation Committee and U.S. Representative from Oregon's 4th congressional district.[135]
  • Anna Eshoo, U.S. Representative from California's 18th congressional district.[107]
  • Lori Trahan,U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district.[136]
  • Jimmy Gomez,U.S. Representative from California's 34th congressional district.[137]
  • Joe Kennedy III, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 4th congressional district and 2020 US Senate candidate.[138]
  • Maxine Waters,Chair of the House Financial Services Committee and U.S. Representative from California's 43rd congressional district.[107]
  • Lacy Clay, U.S. Representative from Missouri's 1st congressional district.[139]
  • Nita Lowey, Chair of the House Appropriations Committee and U.S. Representative from New York's 17th congressional district.[140]
  • Thomas Suozzi,U.S. Representative from New York's 3rd congressional district.[141]
  • Linda Sanchez, Former Vice Chair of the House Democratic Caucus and U.S. Representative from California's 38th congressional district.[107]
  • David Price,U.S. Representative from North Carolina's 4th congressional district.[107]
  • John Sarbanes,U.S. Representative from Maryland's 3rd congressional district.[142]
  • Karen Bass,U.S. Representative from California's 37th congressional district.[107]
  • Eric Swalwell,U.S. Representative from California's 15th congressional district and former 2020 Presidential candidate.[107]
  • Jackie Speier, U.S. Representative from California's 14th congressional district.[107]
  • Bobby Scott (politician),Chair of the House Education and Labor Committee and U.S. Representative from Virginia's 3rd congressional district.[107]
  • Grace Napolitano,U.S. Representative from California's 32nd congressional district.[107]
  • Adam Smith,Chair of the House Armed Services Committee and U.S. Representative from Washington's 9th congressional district.[143]
  • Zoe Lofgren,Chair of the House Administration Committee and U.S. Representative from California's 19th congressional district.[107]
  • Jimmy Panetta,U.S. Representative from California's 20th congressional district.[107]
  • Nanette Barragan, U.S. Representative from California's 44th congressional district.[107]
  • Elijah Cummings, Chair of the House Oversight Committee and U.S. Representative from Maryland's 7th congressional district.[107]
  • Danny K. Davis,U.S. Representative from Illinois's 7th congressional district.[107]
  • Jahana Hayes,U.S. Representative from Connecticut's 5th congressional district.[144]
  • Brad Sherman , U.S. Representative from California's 30th congressional district.[107]
  • Alma Adams, U.S. Representative from North Carolina's 12th congressional district.[107]
  • Lloyd Doggett, U.S. Representative from Texas 35th congressional district.[107]
  • John Garamendi, U.S. Representative from California's 3rd congressional district.[107]
  • Dutch Ruppersberger, U.S. Representative from Maryland's 2nd congressional district.[145]
  • Bill Pascrell, U.S. Representative from New Jersey's 9th congressional district.[146]
  • Pete Aguilar, U.S. Representative from California's 31st congressional district.[107]
  • Ben Ray Lujan, Assistant Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from New Mexico's 1st congressional district and 2020 candidate for US Senate.[147]
  • Susan Davis,U.S. Representative from California's 53rd congressional district.[148]
  • Marcia Fudge,U.S. Representative from Ohio's 11th congressional district.[149]
  • Beto O'Rourke, Former U.S Representative From Texas 16th congressional district, 2018 US Senate Nominee in Texas, and seeking the nomination in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[150]

Governors

Mayors

Organizations

Detractors

Individuals

  • On February 9, 2019, United States President Donald Trump voiced his opposition using sarcasm via Twitter as follows: "I think it is very important for the Democrats to press forward with their Green New Deal. It would be great for the so-called “Carbon Footprint” to permanently eliminate all Planes, Cars, Cows, Oil, Gas & the Military – even if no other country would do the same. Brilliant!"[169]
  • Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein objected to the plan saying "there's no way to pay for it" and is drafting her own narrowed down version. Democratic Senator Joe Manchin criticized the plan as a "dream" adding that 'it would hurt regions dependent on reliable, affordable energy."[170]
  • Republican White House aide Sebastian Gorka has referred to the deal as "what Stalin dreamed about but never achieved" and that "they [proponents of the deal] want to take your pickup truck. They want to rebuild your home. They want to take away your hamburgers." The comments about hamburgers are a common criticism of the deal by conservatives, who have gone on to criticize Representative Ocasio-Cortez for allowing her Chief of Staff to eat a hamburger with her at a Washington restaurant.[171]
  • On February 13, 2019, Rep. Mark Walker (R-NC) released a parody video on his verified Twitter account comparing the Green New Deal to the failed Fyre Festival, using the hashtag #GNDisFyre.[172][173]
  • On March 14, 2019, Rep. Rob Bishop, a Republican representing Utah's 1st congressional district, said that the legislation was "tantamount to genocide," adding shortly afterward that his comment was "maybe an overstatement, but not by a lot."[174]

International

Various proposals for a Green New Deal have been made internationally. Such efforts became more prominent following the October 2018 IPPC 1.5 °C report, and the popular support that GND received in the United States since late 2018.[12][13] In addition to activity within conventional national & multilateral politics, there has been support for a Green New Deal within City diplomacy. In October 2019 the C40 committed to support a Global Green New Deal, announcing there will be determined action from all its 94 cities, with 30 cities having already peaked their emissions and progressing rapidly towards net-zero.[175][176]

In Australia

The Australian Greens have advocated for a "Green Plan", similar to the Green New Deal, since 2009.[177] Deputy Leader Christine Milne discussed the idea on the ABC's panel discussion program Q&A on February 19, 2009,[178] and it was the subject of a major national conference of the Australian Greens in 2009.[179]

After their 2019 federal election defeat, Australian Labor Party shadow environment minister Tony Burke signalled his support for a suite of regulation and stimulus policies similar to a Green New Deal.[180]

In Canada

In early May 2019, with rising concerns about the need for urgent global environmental action to reduce potentially catastrophic effects of climate change, a non-partisan coalition of nearly 70 groups launched the Pact for a Green New Deal (New Deal vert au Canada in French).[181] With press conferences in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver, the coalition called for fossil fuel emissions reduction in half by 2030.[182][183] On May 16, 2019 the Green Party released a 5-page summary of their plan entitled "Mission: Possible: The Green Climate Action Plan".[184]

Canadian author Naomi Klein will release her seventh book, entitled "On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal", in September 2019.[185]

In Europe

On continental Europe, the European Spring coalition campaigned under the banner of a "Green New Deal" for the 2019 EU elections.[12][13] In December 2020, the newly elected European Commission under Von der Leyen presented a set of policy proposals under the name European Green Deal. Compared to the United States plan, it has a less ambitious decarbonisation timeline, with an aim of carbon neutrality in 2050. The policy proposal involves every sector in the economy and the option of a border adjustment mechanism, a 'carbon tariff', is on the table to prevent carbon leakage from outside countries.[186]

In the UK

In the UK, the Green New Deal Group and the New Economics Foundation produced the A Green New Deal report asking for a Green New Deal as a way out of the Global Financial Crisis back in 2008, demanding a reform of the financial and tax sectors and a revolution of the energy sector in the country.

Also, Green MP for Brighton Pavilion, Caroline Lucas, raised the idea during an economic debate in 2008.[187]

In March 2019, an activist group known as Extinction Rebellion called on the Labour party to commit to taking radical steps to decarbonise the UK economy within a decade. A group spokesperson said they are calling the proposed movement "Labour for a Green New Deal" because, "Climate change is fundamentally about class, because it means chaos for the many while the few profit." They are calling for expansion of public ownership and democratic control of industry, a region-specific guarantee of green jobs, and substantial investments in public infrastructure.

The group states that they got their inspiration from the Sunrise Movement and the work that congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez has done in the US. Group members have met with Zack Exley, co-founder of the progressive group Justice Democrats, to learn from the experiences that he and Ocasio-Cortez have had in working for the Green New Deal campaign in the US.[188]

On April 30, former Labour Party leader Ed Miliband joined Caroline Lucas and former South Thanet Conservative MP Laura Sandys in calling for a Green New Deal in the UK.[189] The left-wing campaigning group Momentum also wish to influence the Labour Party's manifesto to include a Green New Deal.[190]

In September 2019, the Labour party committed to a Green New Deal at its 2019 annual conference. This included a target to decarbonise by 2030.[11][191] Polling undertook by YouGov in late October 2019 found that 56% of British adults support the goal of making the UK carbon neutral by 2030 or earlier. [192]

See also

References

  1. ^ Whyte, Chelsea. Green New Deal proposal includes free higher education and fair pay. NewScientist. February 12, 2019 [March 4, 2019]. 
  2. ^ Meyer, Robinson. The Green New Deal Hits Its First Major Snag. The Atlantic. [January 31, 2019]. There's not a single, official Green New Deal. Much like "Medicare for All," "Green New Deal" refers more to a few shared goals than to a completed legislative package. (The original New Deal basically worked the same way.) Now a number of environmental groups are trying to make those goals more specific. But they're running into a snag: The bogeymen that haunted old progressive climate policies are suddenly back again. And the fights aren't just about nuclear power. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Harder, Amy. Why Al Gore is on board with the Green New Deal. Axios. December 13, 2019 [December 13, 2018]. （原始内容存档于December 14, 2018）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Stewart, Andrew. Sorry Democrats, the Green Party Came Up With the Green New Deal!. Counterpunch. Nov 11, 2018 [May 8, 2019]. 
  5. ^ Jeremy Lovell (July 21, 2008) "Climate report calls for green 'New Deal'", Reuters.
  6. ^ A Green New Deal: Discursive Review and Appraisal. Macroeconomics: Aggregative Models eJournal. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed March 14, 2019.
  7. ^ Hilary French, Michael Renner and Gary Gardner: Toward a Transatlantic Green New Deal 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期March 29, 2014，. The authors state: "Support is growing around the world for an integrated response to the current economic and environmental crises, increasingly referred to as the "Green New Deal". The term is a modern-day variation of the U.S. New Deal, an ambitious effort launched by President Franklin Roosevelt to lift the United States out of the Great Depression. The New Deal of that era entailed a strong government role in economic planning and a series of stimulus packages launched between 1933 and 1938 that created jobs through ambitious governmental programs, including the construction of roads, trails, dams, and schools. Today's Green New Deal proposals are also premised on the importance of decisive governmental action, but incorporate policies to respond to pressing environmental challenges through a new paradigm of sustainable economic progress."
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria. H.Res.109 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal (PDF). February 12, 2019 [May 19, 2019]. 
  9. ^ Rebecca Shabad; Dartunorro Clark. Senate fails to advance Green New Deal as Democrats protest McConnell 'sham vote'. NBC News. March 26, 2019 [April 4, 2019]. 
  10. ^ Gustafson, Abel; Rosenthal, Seth A.; Ballew, Matthew T.; Goldberg, Matthew H.; Bergquist, Parrish; Kotcher, John E.; Maibach, Edward W.; Leiserowitz, Anthony. The development of partisan polarization over the Green New Deal. Nature Climate Change. November 18, 2019, 9 (12): 940–944. ISSN 1758-6798. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0621-7 （英语）. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Fiona Harvey. Labour's climate policies: what are they and what do they mean?. The Guardian. September 24, 2019 [November 11, 2019]. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Yanis Varoufakis and David Adler. It's time for nations to unite around an International Green New Deal. The Guardian. April 23, 2019 [November 11, 2019]. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Klein, Naomi. On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal. Allen Lane. 2019: 17, 31, 259–293. 
  14. ^ Cobb, David. Where are the Greens in the Green New Deal?. The Progressive. March 23, 2019 [December 14, 2019]. 
  15. ^ Kaufman, Alexander C. What's the 'Green New Deal'? The surprising origins behind a progressive rallying cry.. Grist. June 30, 2018 [November 13, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2018） （美国英语）. 
  16. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. Thomas L. Friedman: The power of green. The New York Times Magazine. April 15, 2007. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Friedman, Thomas L. Opinion – A Warning From the Garden. The New York Times. January 19, 2007. 
  18. ^ Lynas, Mark. A Green New Deal. New Statesman. July 17, 2008. （原始内容存档于April 19, 2016）. 
  19. ^ A Green New Deal. New Economics Foundation. [May 8, 2019] （英语）. 
  20. ^ Biggers, Jeff. Beyond Race: Obama's Green Opportunity. HuffPost. March 19, 2008 [May 8, 2019] （英语）. 
  21. ^ See for example: CNN, Al Jazeera
  22. ^ Eccleston, Paul. UN announces green "New Deal" plan to rescue world economies. The Daily Telegraph. October 22, 2008. （原始内容存档于September 22, 2012）. 
  23. ^ Friedersdorf, Conor. The 3 Green Party Candidates and Their Disappointing Platforms. The Atlantic. May 21, 2012 [November 14, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 15, 2018） （美国英语）. Jill Stein's "Green New Deal" is far and away the most deeply thought-out platform on offer, and it still consists largely of assertions of the utopian ends it'll achieve, rather than realistic means for getting there. 
  24. ^ Green New Deal: Organizer, Physician Jill Stein Poised to Win Green Party's Presidential Nomination. 
  25. ^ Stein, Jill. Give us a mandate for what America needs: a Green New Deal. The Guardian. October 14, 2012. 
  26. ^ Green New Deal. GPUS. [November 17, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 17, 2018） （英语）. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 The Democrats Stole the Green Party's Best Idea. The New Republic. February 22, 2019. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 The 'Green New Deal' isn't really that new. 
  29. ^ Kaufman, Alexander C. Democrats' Green New Deal Wing Takes Shape Amid Wave Of Progressive Climate Hawk Wins. Huffington Post. November 7, 2018 [November 13, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2018） （美国英语）. 
  30. ^ Carlock, Greg; McElwee, Sean. Why the Best New Deal Is a Green New Deal. The Nation. [November 13, 2018]. ISSN 0027-8378. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2018） （美国英语）. 
  31. ^ Kahn, Brian. Most Americans Think We Can Save the Planet and Create Jobs at the Same Time. Earther. [November 13, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2018） （美国英语）. 
  32. ^ Green New Deal Report. Data For Progress. [November 13, 2018] （美国英语）. 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Read, Bridget. Watch Bria Vinaite Explain the Green New Deal. Vogue. November 2, 2018 [November 13, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2018） （英语）. 
  34. ^ Roberts, David. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is already pressuring Nancy Pelosi on climate change. Vox. November 15, 2018 [December 2, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 28, 2018）. 
  35. ^ Corbett, Jessica. Saving Planet With 'Green New Deal' Proves Popular as Climate Hawks Celebrate Midterm Victories. Common Dreams. November 7, 2018 [November 13, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2018） （英语）. 
  36. ^ Burke, Michael. John Lewis joins Ocasio-Cortez on climate change push. TheHill. November 18, 2018 [December 8, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 21, 2018） （英语）. 
  37. ^ Germanos, Andrea. As Number of Dems Backing Green New Deal Swells to 18, Campaigners Demand All of Party 'Stand Up to Fossil Fuel Billionaires'. Common Dreams. November 30, 2018 [December 2, 2018]. （原始内容存档于December 2, 2018） （英语）. 
  38. ^ Gamboa, Suzanne. Ocasio-Cortez, diverse lawmakers prioritize climate change with 'Green New Deal'. NBC News. November 30, 2018 [December 2, 2018]. （原始内容存档于December 2, 2018） （美国英语）. 
  39. ^ Klein, Naomi. The Game-Changing Promise of a Green New Deal. The Intercept. November 27, 2018 [December 8, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 27, 2018） （美国英语）. 
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 Willis, Jay. How Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's 'Green New Deal' Might Help Save the Planet. GQ. December 6, 2018 [December 8, 2018]. （原始内容存档于December 7, 2018） （英语）. 
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Homan, Timothy R. Five things to know about Ocasio-Cortez's 'Green New Deal'. TheHill. November 24, 2018 [December 2, 2018]. （原始内容存档于November 26, 2018） （英语）. 
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 Golden, Hannah. The Green New Deal Is Challenging This Old Myth About Fighting Climate Change. Elite Daily. [December 8, 2018]. （原始内容存档于December 8, 2018） （英语）. 
  43. ^ Colón, Christina. Nearly 150 Climate Activists Arrested in Mass Demonstration for Green New Deal. Sojourners. December 10, 2018 [December 16, 2018]. （原始内容存档于December 17, 2018） （英语）. 
  44. ^ Climate protest at Pelosi's office spurs arrests. Euronews. December 11, 2018 [December 16, 2018]. （原始内容存档于December 17, 2018） （英语）. 
  45. ^ Keck, Catie. Earther – Hundreds of Local and State Officials Just Endorsed Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Green New Deal. Gizmodo. [December 16, 2018]. （原始内容存档于December 16, 2018） （美国英语）. 
  46. ^ At COP24 Climate Talks in Katowice, 300+ Elected Officials from 40 States Call for Phasing Out Fossil Fuels, Green New Deal Approach. Elected Officials to Protect America. December 14, 2018 [December 16, 2018]. （原始内容存档于December 17, 2018） （美国英语）. 
  47. ^ Gustafson, Abel. The Green New Deal has Strong Bipartisan Support. Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. December 14, 2018 [December 18, 2018]. （原始内容存档于December 18, 2018） （美国英语）. 
  48. ^ Progressive Green New Deal Letter to Congress (PDF). 
  49. ^ Resolution: Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal (PDF). United States House of Representatives. February 7, 2019 [February 7, 2019]. 
  50. ^ Rizzo, Salvador. Fact Checker: What's actually in the 'Green New Deal' from Democrats?. Washington Post. February 11, 2019 [March 2, 2019]. As a reader service, we’re going to summarize what’s actually in the Green New Deal from Democrats, and how we ended up with all this confusion. 
  51. ^ David Montgomery. AOC's Chief of Change. Washington Post. July 10, 2019 [July 14, 2019]. 'The interesting thing about the Green New Deal,' he said, 'is it wasn’t originally a climate thing at all.' Ricketts greeted this startling notion with an attentive poker face. 'Do you guys think of it as a climate thing?' Chakrabarti continued. 'Because we really think of it as a how-do-you-change-the-entire-economy thing.' 
  52. ^ U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 116th Congress – 1st Session. www.senate.gov. [May 16, 2019]. 
  53. ^ Meyer, Robinson. The 3 Democrats Who Voted Against the Green New Deal. The Atlantic. March 26, 2019 [March 28, 2019]. The Senate rejected the Green New Deal on Tuesday, in a decisive 57–0 vote that Democrats decried as a political stunt meant to divide their caucus. All the Republican senators opposed the measure. They were joined by four senators who caucus with the Democrats – Senator Joe Manchin, from the coal-heavy state of West Virginia, along with Senators Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, Doug Jones of Alabama, and Angus King of Maine. 
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  55. ^ Cama, Timothy. House Dems formalize climate committee plans without Green New Deal language. TheHill. January 2, 2019 [January 19, 2019] （英语）. 
  56. ^ Meyer, Robinson. Democrats Establish a New House 'Climate Crisis' Committee. The Atlantic. December 28, 2018 [January 19, 2019] （美国英语）. 
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  58. ^ Gonyea, Don. House Democrats Form New 'Climate Crisis' Committee. National Public Radio. December 30, 2018 [January 19, 2019] （英语）. 
  59. ^ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Meyer, Robinson. The Green New Deal Hits Its First Major Snag. The Atlantic. January 18, 2019 [January 19, 2019] （美国英语）. 
  60. ^ 60.0 60.1 Kahn, Brian. More Than 600 Environmental Groups Just Backed Ocasio-Cortez's Green New Deal. Earther. [January 19, 2019] （美国英语）. 
  61. ^ Atkin, Emily. Some of the Biggest Green Groups Have Cold Feet Over the 'Green New Deal'. The New Republic. January 15, 2019 [January 19, 2019]. ISSN 0028-6583. 
  62. ^ 62.0 62.1 Temple, James. Let's keep the Green New Deal grounded in science. MIT Technology Review. [January 19, 2019] （英语）. 
  63. ^ Geman, Ben. Environmental groups pressure House for "visionary" measures to support the Green New Deal. Axios. January 10, 2019 [January 19, 2019] （英语）. 
  64. ^ Friedman, Lisa; Gabriel, Trip. A New Deal at Once Possible and Problematic. The New York Times. February 21, 2019: A1 [March 11, 2019]. Holdren, who is now a professor of environmental policy at Harvard University, said the Green New Deal’s timeline of achieving that goal around 2030 is not feasible. “As a technologist studying this problem for 50 years, I don’t think we can do it,” he said. “There’s hope we could do it by 2045 or 2050 if we get going now,” he added. 
  65. ^ Lavelle, Marianne. New Congress Members See Climate Solutions and Jobs in a Green New Deal. InsideClimate News. January 3, 2019 [January 19, 2019] （美国英语）. 
  66. ^ Beckett, Lois. 'You didn't vote for me': Senator Dianne Feinstein responds to young green activists. The Guardian. February 23, 2019 [February 24, 2019]. 
  67. ^ Natter, Ari. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Green New Deal Could Cost $93 Trillion, Group Says. Bloomberg. February 25, 2019 [March 2, 2019]. The so-called Green New Deal may tally between $51 trillion and $93 trillion over 10-years, concludes American Action Forum, which is run by Douglas Holtz-Eakin, who directed the non-partisan CBO from 2003 to 2005. That includes between $8.3 trillion and $12.3 trillion to meet the plan’s call to eliminate carbon emissions from the power and transportation sectors and between $42.8 trillion and $80.6 trillion for its economic agenda including providing jobs and health care for all. 
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  70. ^ Dmietrieva, Katia. Wall Street Is More Than Willing to Fund the Green New Deal. Bloomberg Businessweek. February 14, 2019 [March 11, 2019]. The plan’s greatest flaw, critics say, is that it would be too costly. Ocasio-Cortez advocates deficit spending, and she’s floated a 70 percent marginal tax rate for high earners that would generate some of the necessary revenue. But those worried about where the rest of the money will come from are forgetting one major, surprisingly enthusiastic player: Wall Street. 
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  78. ^ Dunleavy, Jerry. AOC blames aide for 'farting cows' Green New Deal document. Washington Examiner. March 30, 2019 [June 1, 2019] （英语）. 
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  83. ^ Grandoni, Dino; Stein, Jeff. Joe Biden embraces Green New Deal as he releases climate plan. Washingtion Post. June 4, 2019. 
  84. ^ Joseph Stiglitz. The climate crisis is our third world war. It needs a bold response. The Guardian. June 5, 2019. 
  85. ^ NDP angling to put progressive policy on the agenda as the House resumes | CTV News. www.ctvnews.ca. April 28, 2019. 
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  109. ^ Espaillat, Adriano. CONGRESSMAN ADRIANO ESPAILLAT ANNOUNCES SUPPORT OF GREEN NEW DEAL TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING. House of Representatives. [December 6, 2018]. 
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  153. ^ New Mexico: Green New Deal Passed Secretly. May 28, 2019. 
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External links

Projects referred to as "Green New Deal"

Green New Deal proposal in 116th Congress

 
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