User:Nkc3g4/Tekapo

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Lake Tekapo
毛利語：Takapō
Rural settlement
Lake Tekapo的天際線
地圖
坐标：44°00′14″S 170°28′37″E / 44.004°S 170.477°E / -44.004; 170.477坐标：44°00′14″S 170°28′37″E / 44.004°S 170.477°E / -44.004; 170.477
CountryNew Zealand
RegionCanterbury
Territorial authorityMackenzie District
WardTekapo Ward
CommunityTekapo Community
Electorates
政府
 • Territorial authorityMackenzie District Council
 • Regional councilEnvironment Canterbury
 • Mayor of MackenzieTemplate:NZ officeholder data
 • Waitaki MPTemplate:NZ officeholder data
 • Te Tai Tonga MPTemplate:NZ officeholder data
面积[2]
 • 总计4.19 平方公里（1.62 平方英里）
Postcode(s)7999
Lake Tekapo township as seen from the nearby Mount John University Observatory

Lake Tekapo (often known simply as Tekapo (毛利語：Takapō) to avoid confusion with the lake itself) is a small township located at the southern end of the lake of the same name in the inland South Island of New Zealand. It had 558 residents according to the 2018 census, being one of five settlements in the sparsely populated Mackenzie Basin.[3]

State Highway 8 runs directly through the township – 227公里（141英里） from Christchurch and 256公里（159英里） from Queenstown. Daily shuttle services link Lake Tekapo to Christchurch and Queenstown. The lake is a popular tourist destination, and several resort hotels are located at the township. Lake Tekapo Airport is located 5公里（3.1英里） west of the town where local tourism operator Air Safaris is based. Twizel lies 60 km (39 minutes drive) south of Lake Tekapo via Lake Pukaki and Burkes Pass lies 21 km (15 minutes drive) west along State Highway 8.

History

The Māori were the first people to discover the Mackenzie Basin. The name Tekapo, a misspelling of Takapō, derived from the te reo Māori words taka (sleeping mat) and pō (night). Takapō means "To leave in haste at night".[4]

The Mackenzie Basin became known to Europeans in 1855 when, in order to find a less conspicuous route, James Mackenzie, a Scottish sheep thief, ventured inland and discovered the high country that now bears his name. In 1857, John and Barbara Hay established the first sheep farm in Mackenzie on the shore of Lake Tekapo.[5]

Lake Tekapo township started to grow after the construction of hydropower stations in the 1940s. Prior to this, the town consisted of "two station homesteads, a private hotel, and several holiday cottages".[6] The project was delayed due to World War II, but it was eventually completed and commissioned in 1951.[5] The control gates built across the outlet of Lake Tekapo regulate the amount of water entering the Tekapo River. These were completed in 1940. State Highway 8 runs across the top of them.[7]

After the completion of the hydroelectric scheme, the town of Lake Tekapo returned to being a small town. Visitor numbers increased in the 1960s with skiers and ice skaters visiting in winter months.[6] The population declined in the 1980s to a total of 189 residents in 1991. The population increased in the 1990s with the population reaching 294 residents in 1996.[6]

Tekapo is expected to grow significantly between 2020 and 2050. The MacKenzie District Council expects the district’s population will jump from 4950 to 9050, dwellings 3872 to 6120, jobs 1876 to 4618, and peak day visitors 17,378 to 61,253.[8]

The MacKenzie District Council announced in 2021 that it will start using the dual names of Tekapo and Takapō when referring to Lake Tekapo (Tekapo is an incorrect spelling of Takapō, the Māori name for Lake Tekapo).[9]

Demographics

Lake Tekapo is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement, and covers 4.19 km2（1.62 sq mi）.[2] It had an estimated population of as of June 2020,[1] with a population density of 表达式错误：预期外的/运算符。 people per km2. It is part of the Mackenzie Lakes statistical area.[10]

历史人口
年份人口±% p.a.
2006318—    
2013360+1.79%
2018558+9.16%
来源：[11]
Church of the Good Shepherd
The Lake Tekapo control gates regulate the amount of water reaching the Tekapo river (July 2020)

Lake Tekapo had a population of 558 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 198 people (55.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 240 people (75.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 180 households, comprising 273 males and 285 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.96 males per female, with 60 people (10.8%) aged under 15 years, 183 (32.8%) aged 15 to 29, 267 (47.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 48 (8.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 60.2% European/Pākehā, 3.8% Māori, 1.6% Pasifika, 31.7% Asian, and 8.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58.1% had no religion, 27.4% were Christian, 3.2% were Hindu, 1.6% were Muslim, 2.2% were Buddhist and 2.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 162 (32.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 33 (6.6%) people had no formal qualifications. 69 people (13.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 372 (74.7%) people were employed full-time, and 66 (13.3%) were part-time.[11]

Climate

Lake Tekapo has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) with mild, sunny summers and moderately cold winters, with occasional winter snow in the township. On average, Lake Tekapo has 2417 sunshine hours (200 hours more than the New Zealand average) and 78 rain days producing 600 mm rainfall annually.[3]

Lake Tekapo (1981−2010)
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
历史最高温 °C（°F） 35.0
(95.0) 		32.7
(90.9) 		30.7
(87.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		25.9
(78.6) 		28.1
(82.6) 		30.0
(86.0) 		35.0
(95.0)
平均高温 °C（°F） 21.6
(70.9) 		21.3
(70.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		14.9
(58.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		5.8
(42.4) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		14.3
(57.7)
日均气温 °C（°F） 15.2
(59.4) 		14.8
(58.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.9
(42.6) 		2.6
(36.7) 		1.4
(34.5) 		3.6
(38.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		8.7
(47.7)
平均低温 °C（°F） 8.7
(47.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		6.1
(43.0) 		3.5
(38.3) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		1.1
(34.0) 		3.0
(37.4) 		5.1
(41.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		3.2
(37.8)
历史最低温 °C（°F） −1.5
(29.3) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−15.0
(5.0) 		−14.8
(5.4) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−15.0
(5.0)
平均降水量 mm（英寸） 43.6
(1.72) 		35.9
(1.41) 		48.8
(1.92) 		45.2
(1.78) 		56.5
(2.22) 		60.0
(2.36) 		49.6
(1.95) 		58.4
(2.30) 		50.4
(1.98) 		49.5
(1.95) 		41.3
(1.63) 		52.2
(2.06) 		591.6
(23.29)
平均降水天数（≥ 1.0 mm） 5.8 5.3 5.5 6.0 6.7 7.5 6.5 7.4 7.3 7.6 6.2 7.1 78.9
平均相對濕度（％） 66.8 74.9 75.3 76.9 78.7 83.9 83.1 81.2 72.5 68.7 65.0 67.4 74.5
月均日照時數 253.8 220.9 230.9 199.4 145.4 139.9 149.7 170.1 200.0 231.7 241.5 234.0 2,417.4
数据来源：NIWA Climate Data (Extremes: 2003-2021) [12]

Data from the NIWA National Climate Database for the period 1981 to 2010 showed that there were on average 99 days a year when the temperature at Lake Tekapo fell below 0°C, leading to a claim that the town was the "coldest in New Zealand".[13]

Attractions

Dark-Sky Project Observatory (right) (October 2019)
The Brashear telescope, built in 1894.

International Dark-Sky Reserve

主条目：Aoraki Mackenzie International Dark-Sky Reserve

In June 2012, an area of 430,000 hectares (1,100,000 acres) around Tekapo was declared the Aoraki Mackenzie International Dark Sky Reserve by the International Dark-Sky Association. At the time of the designation in 2012, the reserve was the largest in the world, and the only reserve of its type in the Southern Hemisphere.[14][15][16]

Mount John University Observatory

主条目：Mount John University Observatory

Selected for its very clear atmosphere, large number of clear sky nights, and relative freedom from light pollution, Mount John University Observatory is located on a small hill to the north of the town, and south of the small Lake Alexandrina. Originally set up by the University of Pennsylvania (looking for a southern hemisphere location), it is now operated by the University of Canterbury.

From 1969 to 1983, the United States Air Force had a satellite tracking station adjacent to the observatory.[17][18]

Star gazing tours

The Dark-Sky Project runs star gazing tours from their award winning[19] observatory building on the foreshore of Lake Tekapo. The Dark Sky Project is jointly owned by founders Hide Ozawa and Graeme Murray, and Ngāi Tahu iwi. In the New Zealand Tourism Awards 2021, Dark-Sky Project won the Māori Tourism award, He Kai Kei Aku Ringa.[20]

The observatory building contains a restored Brashear telescope. It is built of brass, iron, steel and wood and stands nine metres high. It has an 18-inch refracting lens. The Brashear telescope was built in 1894. This telescope was brought to New Zealand in 1963 by the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Canterbury. [21][22]

Church of the Good Shepherd

主条目：Church of the Good Shepherd, Lake Tekapo

The Church of the Good Shepherd is situated within the township on the shores of Lake Tekapo. It was built in 1935, and was the first church in the Mackenzie Basin. The church was designed by Christchurch architect R.S.D. Harman, based on sketches by a local artist, Esther Hope. The building is a Category 1 listed historic place and is one of the most photographed churches in New Zealand. It features an altar window that frames views of the lake and mountains.[23]

Sheepdog statue

Dog statue with plaque

Close to the Church of the Good Shepherd is a well-known bronze statue of a New Zealand Collie sheepdog. The statue was commissioned by Mackenzie Country residents in recognition of the indispensable role of the sheepdog in their livelihoods. The sculptor was Innes Elliott of Kaikōura, with a dog called Haig, belonging to a neighbour, being the model. Elliott reported the sculpting process took approximately fifteen months. Clay for the model came from the insulator works in Temuka, with a plaster cast of it made and sent to London in 1966, where the statue was cast.[24]

Tekapo Hot Springs

Tekapo Hot Springs is a tourist attraction located to the north-west of the township, at the base of Mount John.[25] It has three hot pools designed for soaking in, which range in temperature from 36.5 to 38.5 degrees Celsius. These are designed in the shape of Lake Ōhau, Lake Pukaki and Lake Tekapo. A further two cooler pools are designed for children and a splash pad is also present. Tekapo Hot Springs also has an ice skating rink and a snow tubing park.

Lake Tekapo foot bridge

Lake Tekapo footbridge (July 2020)

The 125-metre bridge was opened in 2015. This crosses the Tekapo River and connects the Church of the Good Shepherd with the rest of the Lake Tekapo township.[26]

Lake Tekapo Regional Park

主条目：Lake Tekapo Regional Park

Lake Tekapo Regional Park is a recreation area of 165公頃（410英畝） located to the east of the township. The park includes picnic areas, an enclosed dog exercise park and 24公里（15英里） of cycling and walking tracks. Access to the park is by foot or bicycle from the Lake Tekapo township or by car from Lilybank Road.[27]

Skiing

主条目：Roundhill Ski Area

The Roundhill Ski Area is located on the Two Thumb Range overlooking Lake Tekapo. It is approximately 32公里（20英里） from Lake Tekapo Village. Roundhill's base is at 1350 metres above sea level and the highest point the lifts rise to is 2,133米（6,998英尺） above sea level. It comprises 550公頃（1,400英畝） of terrain.

Military base

The New Zealand Army has a small training base located 6 km（3.7 mi） to the west of the Tekapo township.[28] It is used for general military exercises and was used for pre-deployment training of forces being sent to Afghanistan.[29]

In 1968, a major fire at the military base during winter led to several buildings being burnt to the ground.[30]

Tekapo Military Base (2021)

The base encompasses approximately 1,700 ha（4,200 acre） of terrain which sits approximately 1,000米（3,300英尺） above sea level. It continues to be an important training site for the New Zealand Army for initial field training and battle handling exercises.[30]

In 2016, the New Zealand Government announced that $16 million was going to be spent upgrading the military base. Improvements would include accommodation upgrades, communications, security fencing, extensions to heavy and light vehicle tracks and a new main camp gate.[31]

An unformed road that runs alongside the Tekapo Military base was sold by the Mackenzie District Council to the New Zealand Defence Force in 2021 for $1 in order to address safety concerns of the public getting too close to military training activities such as live firing of weapons.[32]

Government

Lake Tekapo, viewed from the township, looking towards Mount Cook National Park.

Tekapo is part of the Waitaki electorate.[33] The MacKenzie District Council is responsible for providing local government services to Lake Tekapo.[34]

Education

Lake Tekapo School is a contributing primary school serving years 1 to 6,[35] with a roll of Template:NZ school roll data students as of Template:NZ school roll data The school opened in 1940.[36]

References

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat. Statistics New Zealand. [22 October 2020]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 ArcGIS Web Application. statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. [22 November 2021]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Information on Lake Tekapo. Tekapo Tourism. [11 April 2013]. 
  4. ^ Mackenzie District council to start using dual name of Takapō/Tekapo. RNZ. 2021-02-27 [2021-03-01] （en-nz）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 History of Mackenzie Country. Department of Conservation. [11 April 2013]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Taylor, Nick; Harris, Simon; McClintock, Wayne; Mackay, Mike. Upper Waitaki Limit Setting Process: Social-economic Profile of the Waitaki Catchment. Ecan. May 2015 [19 January 2022]. 
  7. ^ Hydro generation at Lake Tekapo with the Tekapo A and Tekapo B power stations.. www.tekapotourism.co.nz. [2020-11-08]. 
  8. ^ Mackenzie District Council releases growth projections report. Stuff. 2020-09-09 [2020-09-15] （英语）. 
  9. ^ Mackenzie District council to start using dual name of Takapō/Tekapo. RNZ. 2021-02-27 [2021-03-01] （en-nz）. 
  10. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Mackenzie Lakes
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census. Statistics New Zealand. 7027553 and 7027554. March 2020. 
  12. ^ Climate Data and Activities. NIWA. [19 October 2013]. 
  13. ^ Clark, Poppy. Coldest town in New Zealand says the title is 'pretty cool'. Stuff. 14 July 2023 [14 July 2023] （en-NZ）. 
  14. ^ Aoraki Mackenzie (New Zealand). International Dark Sky Association. [8 May 2021]. 
  15. ^ New Zealand's Aoraki Mackenzie Named World's Largest International Dark Sky Reserve (PDF). International Dark Sky Association. 9 June 2012 [28 December 2021]. 
  16. ^ Gibson, Jacqui. 'There's drama Everywhere': Dark Sky adventure at Takapō. New Zealand Herald. 3 August 2021 [6 October 2021]. 
  17. ^ U.S. to Install Tracking Station. The Press. 4 July 1968 –通过Papers Past. 
  18. ^ University likely to use Mt John tracking station. The Press. 25 February 1984 –通过Papers Past. 
  19. ^ NZIOB Congratulates The Winners Of The 2020 NZ Building Industry Awards. www.scoop.co.nz. October 31, 2020 [2020-11-08]. 
  20. ^ MacDuff, Keiller. Takapō/Tekapo's Dark Sky Project wins top tourism award. Stuff. 1 December 2021 [28 December 2021]. 
  21. ^ Brashear Telescope - Restored Masterpiece. Dark Sky Project. [2020-11-08] （en-NZ）. 
  22. ^ Tekapo's Dark Sky Project attraction combines Māori astronomy and science. Stuff. 2019-07-01 [2020-11-08] （英语）. 
  23. ^ Template:NZHPT
  24. ^ Elliott, Innes. Statue to a Working Sheepdog. Henderson, Jim (编). Return To Open Country. A.H & A.W. Reed. 1967: 48–49. ISBN 0589003062. 
  25. ^ Dive into summer: New Zealand's best outdoor pools. NewstalkZB. 21 December 2021 [28 December 2021]. 
  26. ^ Lake Tekapo Footbridge reopened. Stuff. 2015-12-09 [2020-11-08] （英语）. 
  27. ^ Lake Tekapo Regional Park. Environment Canterbury. [29 December 2021]. 
  28. ^ Survey and assessment of the Tekapo Military Training Area. Wildlands. [2021-03-01] （英语）. 
  29. ^ Lake Tekapo. New Zealand A to Z. 11 April 2013 [11 April 2013]. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Tekapo | NZDF. campsandbases.nzdf.mil.nz. [2021-03-01]. 
  31. ^ Tekapo military training area to be re-developed. Stuff. 2016-11-16 [2021-03-01] （英语）. 
  32. ^ Defence Force pays $1 for 78 hectare paper road to stop public access to training site. Stuff. 2021-01-05 [2021-03-01] （英语）. 
  33. ^ Waitaki: Electoral Profile - New Zealand Parliament. www.parliament.nz. [2020-10-12] （英语）. 
  34. ^ Mackenzie Tomorrow - Community Outcomes. www.mackenzie.govt.nz. [2020-10-12] （en-NZ）. 
  35. ^ Template:TKI
  36. ^ Kanwal, Sahiban. Lake Tekapo School celebrates 75 years of history. Timaru Herald. 21 September 2015. 

External links

維基導遊上的相關旅行指南：Lake Tekapo

Template:Mackenzie District

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nkc3g4/Tekapo&oldid=80836596”