坐

坐是基本的人类休息姿势。体重主要由与地面或诸如椅凳等水平物体接触的臀部支撑，躯干则或多或少是直立的。生活中经常坐着会有显著的健康风险，长时间坐着的人其死亡率比不常久坐的人要高^[1]。

有些跪姿是是躯干直立，将腿置于膝盖以下，例如正坐及瑜珈中的金刚坐（英语：Vajrasana (yoga)），有些情形下会将这种跪姿也归类为坐。

坐姿

席地而坐

跪坐在地上最常见的是屈膝而坐，一般可分为双膝并排，或著是膝盖弯曲盘腿而坐。也有双脚伸直的坐姿，称为踞坐。在东亚汉字文化圈传统中踞坐是极其随便、无礼的坐姿。另一种是双膝屈曲坐着，称为“蹲坐”。

双膝并排的有正坐，又称跽坐，是东亚传统最正式的坐姿。而这种坐姿在瑜伽动作中称为金刚坐（英语：Vajrasana (yoga)）。

盘腿坐，一种称为胡坐（日语：胡坐），是把双膝弯起交叠而坐，用于冥想、修行的盘腿坐又称跏趺坐。还有一种是一腿作蹲坐状，另一腿盘起，称为游戏坐。

箕踞，即两脚向前方或前方两侧伸展而坐，身体形状如箕。东亚古代妇女箕踞是被视为大不恭的。《韩诗外传》记载：“孟子妻独坐箕踞，孟子入室视之，白其母曰：妇无礼。”^[2]

坐在凳上

有凳子或椅子时，臀部、大腿坐在椅凳上，双脚着地。

中国春秋时期，人们开始坐在六只足的矮床上，如果要写字、吃饭，就放上一张叫做“案”或“几”的矮小桌子。到了汉朝末期，北方胡人发明了一种可以折叠的“胡床”和一种新颖轻便的坐具“马扎子”，即两木相交，中间穿绳，可张可合，人坐于其上，垂下双腿。这种坐具被胡人传入中原后广泛使用，被称为“胡座”，这种坐法也被称为“胡坐”。胡座也是中国椅子与凳子的前身，在胡坐的基础上，人们不断演变，在汉代后中国人逐渐有了坐于椅凳之上的习俗。^[2]

健康风险

十七世纪时贝纳迪诺·拉马兹尼（英语：Bernardino Ramazzini）所著的《论工人病》（De Morbis Artificum Diatriba），就将坐着列为“chair-workers”罹患疾病旳“奇怪姿势” 之一^[3]。现今的研究发现长坐的人其死亡率会显著的提高，若规律运动可以降低一些，但风险无法完全缓解^[1]^[4]。有关患病率及死亡率的原因有心血管疾病、肥胖症、2型糖尿病及癌症（特别是乳癌、子宫内膜癌、大肠癌、肺癌及表面上皮间质肿瘤）^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]。已找到坐着和心脏病、2型糖尿病死亡率之间的关系，但和造成癌症死亡率的风险还不清楚^[6]^[8]。久坐时间也会和儿童及成年人重性抑郁疾患的风险有关^[9]。目前已找到久坐职业和较高身高体重指数之间的相关性，不过还没有找到因果关系^[4]。有关坐者是健康风险的原因，有很多的假说，例如因为肌肉长久没有负荷造成的心输出量、维生素D、炎症、性类固醇活性、脂蛋白脂肪酶（英语：lipoprotein lipase）活性、以及GLUT4活性的变化等^[4]^[6]^[7]。

参见

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Biswas, A; Oh, PI; Faulkner, GE; Bajaj, RR; Silver, MA; Mitchell, MS; Alter, DA. Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015, 162 (2): 123–32. PMID 25599350. doi:10.7326/M14-1651.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 《中国文化知识精华》，湖北人民出版社，ISBN：7-216-00281-4/G·18
^ Ramazzini, B. De Morbis Artificum Diatriba Diseases of Workers. American Journal of Public Health. 2001, 91 (9): 1380–1382. PMC 1446785 . PMID 11527762. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1380.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Chau, Josephine Y.; van der Ploeg, Hidde P.; Riphagen, Ingrid; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Burton, Nicola W.; Healy, Genevieve N.; Thorp, Alicia A. Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Oct 2010, 39 (4): 379–388 [2020-08-26]. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 20837291. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.024. （原始内容存档于2019-01-28）.
^ Chau, Josephine Y.; der Ploeg, Hidde P. van; van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Riphagen, Ingrid; Healy, Genevieve N.; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Dunstan, David W.; Bauman, Adrian E. Are workplace interventions to reduce sitting effective? A systematic review. Preventive Medicine. Nov 2010, 51 (5): 352–356. ISSN 1096-0260. PMID 20801153. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.012.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Proper, Karin I.; Singh, Amika S.; van Mechelen, Willem; Chinapaw, Mai J. M. Sedentary behaviors and health outcomes among adults: a systematic review of prospective studies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Feb 2011, 40 (2): 174–182. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 21238866. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.015.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Lynch, Brigid M. Sedentary behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Nov 2010, 19 (11): 2691–2709. ISSN 1538-7755. PMID 20833969. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0815.
^ Wilmot, E. G.; Edwardson, C. L.; Achana, F. A.; Davies, M. J.; Gorely, T.; Gray, L. J.; Khunti, K.; Yates, T.; Biddle, S. J. H. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). Diabetologia. 14 August 2012, 55 (11): 2895–2905. PMID 22890825. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z.
^ Liu, M; Wu, L; Yao, S. Dose-response association of screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies.. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 9 November 2015, 50 (20): 1252–1258. PMC 4977203 . PMID 26552416. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095084.

[Biswas-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Biswas, A; Oh, PI; Faulkner, GE; Bajaj, RR; Silver, MA; Mitchell, MS; Alter, DA. Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015, 162 (2): 123–32. PMID 25599350. doi:10.7326/M14-1651.

[中国文化知识精华-2] 2.0 ^2.1 《中国文化知识精华》，湖北人民出版社，ISBN：7-216-00281-4/G·18

[3] Ramazzini, B. De Morbis Artificum Diatriba Diseases of Workers. American Journal of Public Health. 2001, 91 (9): 1380–1382. PMC 1446785 . PMID 11527762. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1380.

[:2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Chau, Josephine Y.; van der Ploeg, Hidde P.; Riphagen, Ingrid; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Burton, Nicola W.; Healy, Genevieve N.; Thorp, Alicia A. Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Oct 2010, 39 (4): 379–388 [2020-08-26]. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 20837291. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.024. （原始内容存档于2019-01-28）.

[:0-5] Chau, Josephine Y.; der Ploeg, Hidde P. van; van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Riphagen, Ingrid; Healy, Genevieve N.; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Dunstan, David W.; Bauman, Adrian E. Are workplace interventions to reduce sitting effective? A systematic review. Preventive Medicine. Nov 2010, 51 (5): 352–356. ISSN 1096-0260. PMID 20801153. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.012.

[:1-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Proper, Karin I.; Singh, Amika S.; van Mechelen, Willem; Chinapaw, Mai J. M. Sedentary behaviors and health outcomes among adults: a systematic review of prospective studies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Feb 2011, 40 (2): 174–182. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 21238866. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.015.

[:3-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Lynch, Brigid M. Sedentary behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Nov 2010, 19 (11): 2691–2709. ISSN 1538-7755. PMID 20833969. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0815.

[8] Wilmot, E. G.; Edwardson, C. L.; Achana, F. A.; Davies, M. J.; Gorely, T.; Gray, L. J.; Khunti, K.; Yates, T.; Biddle, S. J. H. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). Diabetologia. 14 August 2012, 55 (11): 2895–2905. PMID 22890825. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z.

[9] Liu, M; Wu, L; Yao, S. Dose-response association of screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies.. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 9 November 2015, 50 (20): 1252–1258. PMC 4977203 . PMID 26552416. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095084.

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