懈怠症
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在精神病学里面[1],懈怠症(英语:dysaethesia aethiopica)是一个美国内科医生塞缪尔.A.卡特赖特在1851年,作为对奴隶懒惰的原因而提出的理论,所声称的一种精神疾病。在当代,懈怠症被视为非正统科学[2]以及科学种族主义这种巨大思想的一部分[3]。
历史
仅仅在非裔美国人之中存在,懈怠症 — "监视者称作'坏事'(rascality)" — 以部分皮肤感觉的不敏感和"如此强烈愚蠢(hebetude)的智力缺陷,仿佛这个人半睡半醒一般"(so great a hebetude of the intellectual faculties, as to be like a person half asleep.)作为辨别的特征。[4]其他症状包含了"医疗人员可以察觉的肌肤损伤,这些损伤时常出现而足够作为症状辨别"(lesions of the body discoverable to the medical observer, which are always present and sufficient to account for the symptoms.)[5][6]。卡特赖特指出懈怠症的存在是"相当清楚的,根据最直接且正向的证据",但是其他医生并没有注意到这疾病,因为他们的"注意力没有充分针对黑人种族的疾病"(attention [had] not been sufficiently directed to the maladies of the negro race.")[4]
根据卡特赖特所说,懈怠症是"相较于在农田里工作的奴隶,更普遍的出现于自行群集居住的自由黑人(free negroes)。并且仅仅会感染在饮食跟活动等等行为上面相近于自由黑人的奴隶。" — 事实上,卡特赖特表示, "几乎所有的自由黑人,或多或少都患有此病,因为没有白人在旁边指导或者照顾他们。"[7]
卡特赖特认为懈怠症是"很容易治愈的,如果基于完整的生理原则加以治疗。"[8]肌肤的不敏感是这个疾病的其中一个症状,因此皮肤应该被刺激:
最好刺激皮肤的方法是,首先,让病患彻底的以温水和肥皂洗净;然后,以油脂涂满全身,并且以宽皮鞭将油脂鞭打下来;接着让病患在太阳底下进行某些粗重的工作。[8]
作家Vanessa Jackson注意到懈怠症之一的症状是表皮的伤口,而且"最足智多谋的卡特赖特医生决定了鞭打可以…治疗此疾病。当然,有些怀疑是,是否鞭打本身是否是造成此疾病的伤口症状真正的来源"[9]
卡特赖特表示,在规定的“疗程”之后,奴隶会“看来对白人的强制权利感谢和感激……已经重新建立起他的感觉,和驱散了笼罩他智力的浓雾。”[8]
参考文献
引用
- ^ Bernard J. Gallagher. The Sociology of Mental Illness. Prentice-Hall. 1987: 285. ISBN 0138211175.
- ^ Mark Michael Smith. Mastered by the Clock: Time, Slavery, and Freedom in the American South. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. 1997: 155 [2007-10-07]. ISBN 0807846937.
- ^ Pilgrim, David. Question of the Month: Drapetomania. Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. November 2005 [2007-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2011-06-04).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Cartwright, Samuel A. Report on the Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race. DeBow's Review. 1851, XI [2007-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-16).
- ^ Paul Finkelman. Slavery & the Law. Rowman & Littlefield. 1997: 305. ISBN 0742521192.
- ^ Rick Halpern, Enrico Dal Lago. Slavery and Emancipation. Blackwell Publishing. 2002: 273. ISBN 0631217355.
- ^ Arthur L. Caplan, James J. McCartney, and Dominic A. Sisti. Health, Disease, and Illness: Concepts in Medicine. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 2004: 35 [2007-10-04]. ISBN 1589010140.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Caplan et al., p. 37.
- ^ Vanessa Jackson. In Our Own Voice: African-American Stories of Oppression, Survival and Recovery in the Mental Health Systems. MindFreedom International: 5. 2002 [2007-10-07]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-06-04).
来源
- Samuel A. Cartwright, "Report on the Diseases and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race", The New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal 1851:691-715 (May).
- Reprinted in DeBow's Review XI (1851). Available at Google Books (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) and excerpted at PBS.org (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Reprinted in Arthur Caplan, H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., and James McCartney, eds, Concepts of Health and Disease in Medicine: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1980).
- Reprinted in Arthur L. Caplan, James J. McCartney, Dominic A. Sisti, eds, Health, Disease, and Illness: Concepts in Medicine (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2004) ISBN 1589010140.