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菲律宾裔美国人

维基百科,自由的百科全书
菲律宾裔美国人
Filipino Americans
Mga Pilipinong Amerikano
总人口
菲律宾裔美国人人口统计英语Demographics of Filipino Americans 截至2010年超过400万人[1]
分布地区
 美国
 加利福尼亚州1,474,707人[2]
 夏威夷州342,095人[3]
 伊利诺伊州139,090人[4]
 德克萨斯州137,713人[5]
 华盛顿州137,083人[6]
 新泽西州126,793人[7]
 纽约州126,129人[8]
 内华达州123,891人[9]
 佛罗里达州122,691人[10]
语言
英语美国英语菲律宾英语[11]
他加禄语 (菲律宾语)[11][12]
伊洛卡诺语邦阿西楠语邦板牙语比科尔语英语Bikol languages米沙鄢语宿务语希利盖农语瓦瑞语查瓦卡诺语)与其他菲律宾语言
日语[11]菲律宾西班牙语英语Philippine Spanish汉语咱人话菲律宾华语英语Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines)(华裔菲律宾人)[13]
宗教信仰
天主教新教佛教无宗教
相关族群
海外菲律宾人

菲律宾裔美国人(英语:Filipino Americans菲律宾语Mga Pilipinong Amerikano)为祖先来自菲律宾美国人,简称Fil-Am,部分人自称皮诺伊英语Pinoy,其历史可追溯至16世纪[14],18世纪起美国开始出现菲律宾裔的聚落[15],1898年美西战争西班牙与美国签订巴黎条约,将菲律宾割让给美国后始有大量菲律宾人移民美国[16][17]。截至2018年,菲律宾裔美国人有约410万人,在加利福尼亚州夏威夷州伊利诺伊州德克萨斯州纽约都会区均有大型聚落[18]

背景

路易斯安那圣马洛英语Saint Malo, Louisiana的菲律宾聚落

菲律宾水手为最早航行至美洲的亚洲人[19],早在1587年在今加利福尼亚州的莫罗贝即有菲律宾人出现的纪录[20]。18世纪始有菲律宾裔的小型聚落[21],1763年西班牙治下的路易斯安那英语Louisiana (New Spain)出现了第一个菲律宾人的长期聚落[22],在当地被称为“马尼拉人”(Manilamen),曾参加1812年战争末期的新奥尔良战役[23]。19世纪开始有菲律宾人在牧场工作[24]。1898年美西战争西班牙与美国签订巴黎条约,将菲律宾割让给美国后始有大量菲律宾人移民美国,1904年在圣路易举办的世界博览会英语Louisiana Purchase Exposition中即有展出菲律宾人[25][26]。1920年代又有许多菲律宾的非技术劳工为寻求工作机会而移民美国[27]

1930年代菲律宾裔的移民潮一度下降,1946年菲律宾独立英语Treaty of Manila (1946)后,移民至美国的菲律宾人持续增加[28],《1965年美国移民和国籍法案英语Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965》后移民的菲律宾人大多为专业人士与技术工人[27]2010年美国人口普查结果显示全国有约340万名菲律宾裔美国人[29],2011年美国国务院估计其人数应为400万左右,约合美国人口的1.1%[30],是亚裔美国人中人数次多的,仅次于华裔美国人[31][32],也是海外菲律宾人中人数最多者[33]

文化

菲律宾裔美国人的文化包括西方与东方的许多元素[34],他们会组成社群团体以维系家庭般的归属感,此为菲律宾文化的特色之一[35],加州与夏威夷等菲裔较集中的地区有较紧密的社群[36],有些社群形成了菲裔住宅、商店集中的街区“小马尼拉英语Little Manila[37],如洛杉矶旧菲律宾城旧金山马尼拉城英语Manilatown, San Francisco[38]戴利城(约四成人口为菲裔[39])与周边城镇、圣地亚哥的纳雄耐尔城(约两成人口为菲裔)[40]、纽约皇后区伍德赛德英语Woodside, Queens(约15%人口为菲裔)[41]、新泽西州的伯根菲尔德英语Bergenfield, New Jersey(约两成人口为菲裔)[42]、夏威夷欧胡岛怀帕胡(超过一半人口为菲裔[43],建有菲律宾社区中心英语FilCom Center[44])等。

菲律宾裔美国人虽来自亚洲,但因曾为西班牙殖民地,有时也被视为(或自我认同为)拉丁裔[45][46],不过2017年的一项调查显示仅有约1%的菲律宾裔美国人自认为“西裔”[47]

语言

他加禄语在美国各州的使用情形

因菲律宾曾为美国统治,英语为菲律宾的官方语言之一,多数菲律宾人可流利使用英语[48][49],1990年的亚裔美国人中,菲律宾裔为语言隔阂最小的族群[50]。2003年菲律宾主要的语言他加禄语为美国使用人数排行第五的语言,共有126.2万人使用[12],2011年已跃升为排行第四的语言[51],加州许多公告、文件都有他加禄语的版本[52],有些中学和大学也设有他加禄语课程[53]。其他菲律宾语言中,伊洛卡诺语为夏威夷除英文外使用人数第三多的语言,仅次于日语和他加禄语[54],也有些菲律宾裔家庭中使用宿务语[55]邦阿西楠语希利盖农语邦板牙语比科尔语英语Bikol languages瓦瑞语[56],不过第二代、第三代的菲裔美国人常会失去菲律宾语言能力[57]。另外还有些华裔菲律宾人,移民后成为华裔美国人,使用汉语咱人话)或西班牙语英语Philippine Spanish[13]

宗教

纽约的圣李乐伦小堂

菲律宾裔美国人宗教(2012)[58]

  天主教(65%)
  新教福音派(12%)
  主流新教(9%)
  无宗教(8%)
  其他基督宗教(3%)
  佛教(1%)
  其他宗教(2%)

菲律宾裔天主教徒初到美国时常难以融入本地的天主教会[59][60],而建立了许多自己的天主教会[59][61],如洛杉矶的圣高隆邦菲律宾教堂(St. Columban Filipino Church)[62]与纽约的圣李乐伦小堂(得名自菲律宾第一位被封圣的圣徒李乐伦[63]。1997年圣母无玷始胎国家朝圣地圣殿中设立了菲裔的礼拜堂[64]

2010年菲律宾裔天主教徒为美国亚裔天主教徒中最大的群体,占超过75%[65]。2015年65%的菲律宾裔美国人自认为天主教徒(2004年则为68%[66][67],第一代移民比在美国出生者更常参加弥撒[68]

饮食

圣地亚哥纳雄耐尔城的一家快乐蜂速食餐馆

相较于菲律宾裔的人口比例,美国的菲律宾餐馆并不多[69][70][71],餐馆不是菲裔族群主要的经济来源[72],即使在菲裔比例相当高的夏威夷欧胡岛,菲律宾料理都不如其他亚洲料理普遍[73],有一项研究显示菲律宾料理很少被列在食物频率问卷英语Food Frequency Questionnaire[74]。菲律宾料理不普及的可能原因包括殖民化心态英语colonial mentality[71]、定位不明确[71]、菲裔较习惯在家自煮或偏好其他类型的饮食等[70][75],不过菲律宾料理仍流行于菲裔族群间[76],有些为菲裔美国人设立的餐馆和杂货点,如知名的菲律宾速食餐馆快乐蜂[69][77][78]

2010年代起菲律宾餐馆逐渐成长。2016年美食杂志《Bon Appétit英语Bon Appétit》将华盛顿特区的菲律宾餐馆Bad Saint英语Tom Cunanan评为全美国第二名的新餐馆[79],2018年《Food & Wine》杂志将洛杉矶的菲律宾餐馆Lasa列为年度最佳餐馆之一[80],美食评论家安德鲁·席莫认为菲律宾料理将成为美国料理的“下一波热潮”(the next big thing)[81]。不过2017年《时尚 (Vogue)》杂志曾形容菲律宾料理常被误解与忽略[82],2019年《SF Weekly英语SF Weekly》杂志形容菲律宾料理非主流、常被忽视、流行程度起伏不定[83]

政治

华府的菲律宾驻美大使馆,第二次世界大战期间曾为菲律宾自由邦流亡政府总部

菲律宾裔美国人(特别是随第二波移民潮落脚美国者[84])传统上为政治保守派[85]2004年美国总统选举中投给乔治·沃克·布希者接近投给民主党候选人约翰·福布斯·凯瑞者的两倍[86],但2008年投给巴拉克·奥巴马者有50%至58%,仅有42%至46%投给共和党候选人约翰·马侃[87][88],是菲律宾裔美国人首次在总统大选中偏向支持民主党提名的候选人[89]

因菲律宾裔美国人社群分散,菲裔候选人难以仅靠此族群的选票当选[90]。首位当选公职的菲裔美国人为彼得·阿杜加英语Peter Aduja,于1954年当选夏威夷州众议院议员[91]。近年来菲律宾裔参政人数逐渐增加,本·卡耶塔诺(民主党籍)于1994年至2002年担任夏威夷州州长,是首位担任州长的菲裔美国人[92]内华达州参议员约翰·恩赛(共和党籍)有八分之一的菲律宾血统;曾任俄亥俄州众议员史提夫·奥地利(共和党籍)和加州众议员T·J·考克斯(民主党籍)也是菲裔美国人,均有一半菲律宾血统[93]

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