藤杖
藤杖(英语:vine staff或vine-staff)或称百夫长手杖(英语:centurion's staff)[1],古罗马陆军[2][3]和海军[4]中使用的一种长约3英尺(1米)的葡萄藤木手杖。它是百夫长的象征:[5]不仅可以用来指挥训练和演习,还能用来惩处麾下的士兵。[6]同级别的留任老兵也携带这种手杖。[7]
起源
藤杖可能源自伊特鲁里亚的“lituus”杖,无疑地是,在布匿战争时已经使用了。[3]随着波尔基乌斯法案在公元前2世纪颁布,藤杖成为杖打罗马公民的唯一工具[6],曾被很多古典时期作家说提及[8][10][12]。在处决死刑犯前鞭打他们时,或执行军事犯罪的鞭刑时,藤杖上也都不带任何的杖头。[13]塔西陀曾提到一个名为卢基里乌斯的百夫长,他也被称为“Gimme Another”(Cedo Alterum或Alteram),他有在打人的时候将藤杖打爆的癖好,[14]他是潘诺尼亚兵变最早被杀的人之一。[13]不过,士兵们通常都会忍受这种惩罚;抓住藤杖会导致降级,而破坏藤杖或伤害百夫长则会被处以死刑。[13]
参见
参考
脚注
- ^ Brand (1968),第83页.
- ^ D'Amato & Rava (2012),第38–39页.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 D'Amato & Rava (2013),第38–39页.
- ^ D'Amato & Sumner (2009),第20页.
- ^ Webster 1979,第132页.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Walters (1997),第40页.
- ^ Lewis 1890,第206页.
- ^ Ovid, Art of Love, III, 527.
- ^ Mannix (1964),第33页.
- ^ Cited in Mannix.[9]
- ^ Gallonio (2013),第51页.
- ^ Cited in Gallonio.[11]
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Brand (1968),第84页.
- ^ Tacitus., Annals, Bk. I, Ch. 23, §4.
资料
- Brand, C.E., Roman Military Law, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968 [2015-10-25], ISBN 978-0-292-74224-6, (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- Cook, Arthur Bernard, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Vol. I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914 [2015-10-25], (原始内容存档于2021-02-27).
- D'Amato, Raffaele; Sumner, Graham, Illustrator, Imperial Roman Naval Forces 31 BC–AD 500, Men-at-Arms, Vol. 479, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009 [2015-10-25], ISBN 978-1-84603-317-9, (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- D'Amato, Raffaele; Rava, Giuseppe, Illustrator, Roman Centurions 31 BC–AD 500: The Classical and Late Empire, Men-at-Arms, Vol. 479, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2012 [2015-10-25], ISBN 1849087954, (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- D'Amato, Raffaele; Rava, Giuseppe, Illustrator, Roman Centurions 753–31 BC: The Kingdom and the Age of Consuls, Men-at-Arms, Vol. 470, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2013 [2015-10-25], ISBN 9781849089371, (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- Gallonio, Rev. Antonio, De SS. Martyrum Cruciatibus (PDF), translated from the Latin by Geoffrey K. Mondello as The Tortures and Torments of the Christian Martyrs for the Boston Catholic Journal, 2013 [2015-10-25], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-03).
- Lewis, Bunnell, Roman Antiquities of the Middle Rhine, The Archaeological Journal 47 (London: British Archaeological Association), 1890, 47: 193–378 [2015-10-25], (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- Mannix, Daniel Pratt IV, The History of Torture, New York, Lake Oswego, Oregon: Dorset, eNet Press, 1964 [2015-10-25], ISBN 978-1-61886-751-3, (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- Robinson, H. Russell, The Armour of Imperial Rome, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975, ISBN 9780684139562, ISBN 0684139561.
- Walters, Jonathan, Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought, Roman Sexualities, Princeton: Princeton University Press: 29–44, 1997 [2015-10-25], ISBN 0-691-01179-6, (原始内容存档于2020-10-22).
- Webster, Graham. The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries A.D.. London: Constable and Company. 1979: 132. ISBN 0-09-475660-0. ISBN 978-0806130002.
- Williams, Carolyn D., Boudica and Her Stories: Narrative Transformations of a Warrior Queen, Cranbury: Associated University Presses, 2009 [2015-10-25], ISBN 978-0-87413-079-9, (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).