蛰伏

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蛰伏 (拉丁文:Torpor)是动物体内生理活动降低的一种状态,通常是由于体温代谢率降低而引起的。蛰伏使动物能够在食物供应匮乏的时期生存下去。[1]术语“蛰伏”可以指休眠者在低体温和代谢率下度过的时间,持续数至数,或者少于24小时时间

每天进行蛰伏的动物包括鸟类(甚至是微小的蜂鸟,尤其是夜鸟类[2][3]和一些哺乳动物,包括许多有袋动物[4][5]啮齿动物(例如小鼠)和蝙蝠[6]这些动物在白天活动期间保持正常的体温和活动量,但是在一天的某一期间(通常是夜晚)中,它们的代谢率和体温下降,以节省能量

一些动物会季节性地长时间处于不活动的休眠状态,此时它们的体温和新陈代谢会降低,而这是由多次蛰伏所造成的。如果发生在冬季,则称为冬眠;如果发生在夏季,则称为夏眠

蛰伏是一个控制良好的温度调节过程,而不是像以前认为的那样,是关闭温度调节的结果。[7]有袋动物的蛰伏与非有袋动物的哺乳动物真兽下纲)的蛰伏不同。真兽下纲依靠唤醒可以产生热量的棕色脂肪组织作为加速变暖的机制。有袋动物唤醒的机制尚不清楚,但似乎不依赖棕色脂肪组织。[8]

参考资料

  1. ^ Vuarin, Pauline; Dammhahn, Melanie; Kappeler, Peter M.; Henry, Pierre-Yves. When to initiate torpor use? Food availability times the transition to winter phenotype in a tropical heterotherm. Oecologia. September 2015, 179 (1): 43–53. Bibcode:2015Oecol.179...43V. PMID 25953115. S2CID 17050304. doi:10.1007/s00442-015-3328-0. 
  2. ^ Hainsworth, F. R.; Wolf, L. L. Regulation of Oxygen Consumption and Body Temperature during Torpor in a Hummingbird, Eulampis jugularls. Science. 17 April 1970, 168 (3929): 368–369. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..368R. PMID 5435893. S2CID 30793291. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.368. 
  3. ^ Hummingbirds. Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian National Zoological Park. [2021-03-13]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-14). 
  4. ^ Geiser, F. Hibernation and Daily Torpor in Marsupials - a Review. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1994, 42 (1): 1. doi:10.1071/zo9940001. 
  5. ^ Stannard, H.J.; Fabian, M.; Old, J.M. To bask or not to bask: Behavioural thermoregulation in two species of dasyurid, Phascogale calura and Antechinomys laniger. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2015, 53: 66-71. PMID 26590457. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.08.012. 
  6. ^ Bartels, W.; Law, B. S.; Geiser, F. Daily torpor and energetics in a tropical mammal, the northern blossom-bat Macroglossus minimus (Megachiroptera). Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. 7 April 1998, 168 (3): 233–239. PMID 9591364. S2CID 16870476. doi:10.1007/s003600050141. 
  7. ^ Geiser, Fritz. Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor. Annual Review of Physiology. March 2004, 66 (1): 239–274. PMID 14977403. S2CID 22397415. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105. 
  8. ^ Dawson, T. J.; Finch, E.; Freedman, L.; Hume, I. D.; Renfree, Marilyn; Temple-Smith, P. D. Morphology and Physiology of the Metatheria (PDF). Walton, D. W.; Richardson, B. J. (编). Fauna of Australia - Volume 1B Mammalia. [2021-03-13]. ISBN 978-0-644-06056-1. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-05).