普罗米修斯
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普罗米修斯(古希腊语:Προμηθεύς Promētheús)是希腊神话中的人物。
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普罗米修斯属于泰坦神族。与众生一样,他服从众神之王宙斯的统治。在一次动物祭祀中,他用诡计欺骗了宙斯;他只把献祭动物没有价值的部分交给他,而为人民保留可食用的肉,因为他们是他的门徒。作为惩罚,愤怒的宙斯拒绝凡人拥有火种。普罗米修斯从众神那里偷来了火种,并将其带给了人们。为此,他奉宙斯之命,在高加索山脉的荒原上受罚。一只老鹰定期拜访他并啄食他的肝脏。[1] 很久以后,英雄赫拉克勒斯用箭射死了老鹰,才将他从这种折磨中解救出来。[2]
神话
普罗米修斯首先出现在赫西俄德所著的神谱以及埃斯库罗斯所著的被缚的普罗米修斯当中。根据记载,他是泰坦神伊阿珀托斯与一位俄刻阿尼得斯(可能是克里梦妮或亚细亚)之子[3]。普罗米修斯曾是帮助宙斯赢得泰坦之战的功臣之一,但因赠予人类火种和知识被宙斯惩罚。希腊哲学家柏拉图曾在与普罗达哥拉斯对话篇中提到:
上帝创造人类以及众生命,指派普罗米修斯和他的兄弟厄庇墨透斯赋予众生命各种天赋与技能的任务。当轮到人类的时候,已无任何天赋与技能剩馀;因此普罗米修斯从阿波罗的太阳车偷走了火种,将其给予了人类。
文化
在古代,普罗米修斯的命运是备受关注与回响的文学主题和视觉艺术中的流行主题。 自文艺复兴以来,许多诗人、作家、画家、雕塑家和作曲家都在研究这类材料。 这个神话也经常引起哲学反思。 从宗教批判的角度来看,普罗米修斯是勇敢的反叛者的原型,他开始从无知和基于宗教的压迫中解放出来。 在现代,他是科技进步和人类日益主宰自然的象征。 因此,根据历史哲学的立场不同,对它的评价也不同:对于社会进步乐观主义者来说,它代表了人类解放的寓言; 另一方面,文化批评者认为“普罗米修斯”的冲动是模棱两可或值得怀疑的,并质疑人类对最无限、最神圣的力量的渴望。
命名
注释
- ^ Krishna, Gopi; Hillman, James (commentary). Kundalini – the evolutionary energy in man. London: Stuart & Watkins. 1970: 77. SBN 7224 0115 9. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
- ^ Greenberg, Mike; PhD. Prometheus: The Complete Guide to the Greek Titan (2021). 2020-05-04 [2021-05-11]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-11) (美国英语).
- ^ M. L. West commentaries on Hesiod, W.J. Verdenius commentaries on Hesiod, and R. Lamberton's Hesiod, pp.95–100.
- ^ Theoi Project: Prometheus. Theoi.com. [2012-05-18]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-28).
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外部链接
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