2020年美国总统选举第三党与独立候选人列表
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本条目列出参与2020年美国总统选举的第三方和独立候选人。“第三方”一词指代民主党和共和党以外的其他政党,而独立候选人是指不隶属于任何政党的候选人。在该次选举中,没有任何第三方候选人取得超过2%的普选票,也没有任何第三方在任何一个州或哥伦比亚特区取得超过3%的选票。[1] 任何候选人都能在阿拉巴马州、爱荷华州、新罕布什尔州、新泽西州、宾夕法尼亚州、罗德岛州和佛蒙特州透过海选的票,候选人在这些州份无需申请即可获得手写选票权,并计入总选票中[2]。
总计
在本次选举中,自由意志党提名的候选人乔·乔根森 (Jo Jorgensen) 在此次选举的表现是所有第三方候选人中最好的,她获得了1,865,535票。她在加州获得了187,910票,这是她得票数最高的州份。她在南达科他州获得了2.63%的选票,是她得票率最高的州份。除了她之外,只有绿党候选人霍金斯在缅因州取得超过1%得票率。
获得超过1%选票的第三方候选人
乔·乔根森,自由意志党
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2020年自由意志党候选人[4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
乔·乔根森 | 斯派克·科恩 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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南卡罗莱纳州 克莱门森大学讲师 |
南卡罗莱纳州 播客和商人 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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其他自由意志党候选人(按退选日期排序) | |||||
雅各布·霍恩伯格 | 沃克文·施平 | 约翰·蒙兹 | 吉姆·格雷 | 亚当·科克斯 | 丹·贝尔曼 |
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自由未来基金会创始人兼总裁 | 表演艺术家、活动家和政治讽刺作家 | 前乔治亚州格莱迪县 美国全国有色人种协进会主席 |
前加利福尼亚州橙县 高级法院审判长 |
自由主义者和反战政治活动家 | 软体工程师和直播主 |
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不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | ![]() |
不适用 | 竞选活动 | 竞选活动 | 竞选活动 | 竞选活动 | 不适用 |
2020年5月23日退选 8,986票 (20.55%) 236名首轮代表 |
2020年5月23日退选 4,288票 (9.81%) 171名首轮代表 |
2020年5月23日退选 1票 (<0.01%) 147名首轮代表 |
2020年5月23日退选 42票 (0.10%) 98名首轮代表 |
2020年5月23日退选 2,728票 (6.24%) 77名首轮代表 |
2020年5月23日退选 2,337票 (5.34%) 0名首轮代表 |
[5] | [5] | [6] | [7] | [8] | [9] |
山姆·罗伯 | 贾斯汀·阿马什 | 肯·阿姆斯特朗 | 林肯·查菲 | 马克斯·艾布拉姆森 | 金·拉夫 |
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软件工程师兼作家 前海军军官 |
密歇根州第三国会选区 美国众议院议员 (2011-) |
美国海岸警卫队特派官 (1977-1994) |
罗德岛州州长 (2011-2015)及 罗德岛州美国参议院议员 (1999-2007) |
新罕布什尔州众议院议员 (2014-2016;2018-) |
自由意志党激进核心小组 副主席 |
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不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | ![]() |
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竞选活动 | 竞选活动 | 竞选活动 | 竞选活动 | 竞选活动 | 不适用 |
2020年5月23日退选 1,943票 (5.06%) 0名首轮代表 |
2020年5月17日退选 3票 (0.01%) 17名首轮代表 |
2020年4月29日退选 3,509票 (8.03%) 0名首轮代表 |
2020年4月5日退选 294票 (0.67%) 1名(手写)首轮代表 |
2020年3月3日退选 2,052票 (5.34%) 0名首轮代表 |
2020年1月11日退选 3,045票 (7.93%) 0名首轮代表 |
[9] | [10] | [11] | [12] | [13] | [14] |
获得0.1%-1%选票的候选人
霍伊·霍金斯,美国绿党
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2020年美国绿党候选人[a][18][19] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
霍伊·霍金斯 | 安吉拉·沃克 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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纽约州 美国绿党联合创始人 |
南卡罗莱纳州 合并运输联盟地方998立法委员 (2011-2013) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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其他政党提名: | 现在合法大麻党[c][21] 社会主义替代[22][23] 美国社会党[24] 团结社[25] |
其他绿党候选人(按按代表人数排序) | |||||
达里奥·亨特 官方认可[d] |
塞迪南·莫尤瓦锡夫扎-科里 | 丹尼斯·兰伯特 | 杰西·温图拉 | 大卫·罗德 官方认可[d] | |
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扬斯敦教育局成员 (2016-2020) |
活动家 | 纪录片导演 | 明尼苏达州州长 (1999-2003) |
绿色彩虹党大波士顿分会联合主席 | |
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不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | |
竞选活动 | 不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | |
89.5名代表 (20.1%) 3,087票 |
10.5名代表 (3.0%) 2,229票 |
9名代表 (2.6%) 2,029票 |
8名代表 (1.7%) >49票 |
5.5名代表 (1.6%) 960票 | |
[26] | [27] | [28] | 无候选资格 | [29] |
得票在2000票-0.1%的候选人
格洛丽亚·拉·里瓦,争取社会主义和解放党
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2020年争取社会主义和解放党候选人[33][34] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
格洛丽亚·拉·里瓦 | 苏尼尔·弗里曼[e] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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加利福尼亚州 活动家及作家 |
哥伦比亚特区 作家及活动家 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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其他政党提名: | 自由联盟党 和平与自由党 |
和平与自由党初选 | |||||
格洛丽亚·拉·里瓦 | 霍伊·霍金斯 | ||||
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加利福尼亚州 活动家及作家 |
纽约州 绿党联合创始人 | ||||
竞选活动 | 竞选活动 | ||||
4,481票(67.2%)[35] | 2,191票(32.8%)[35] |
洛基·德拉富恩特,联盟党
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2020年联盟党候选人[f][39] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
洛基·德拉富恩特 | 达西·理查森 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
加利福尼亚州 商人及常年候选人 |
佛罗里达州 作家历史学家 及政治活动家 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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其他政党提名: | 改革党 密歇根州自然法党 美国独立党 |
其他改革党候选人(按大会投票排序) | |||||
马克斯·艾布拉姆森 | 约翰农·本·锡安 | 菲尔·柯林斯 | 萨瓦亚·法斯 | ||
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新罕布什尔州众议院 第二十选区代表议员 |
亚利桑那州 前超人类党2020年总统候选人 |
内华达州 前利伯蒂维尔镇区信托人 2020年禁酒党总统候选人 |
佛罗里达州 前迈阿密-戴德县共和党执行委员会成员 | ||
竞选活动 | 竞选活动 | ||||
4票[40] | 1票[40] | 0票[40][41] | 在大会举行前退出(支持洛基·德拉富恩特)[40] |
唐·布兰肯希普,宪法党
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2020年宪法党候选人[44] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
唐·布兰肯希普 | 威廉·摩尔 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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西维吉尼亚州 前梅西能源行政总裁 |
密歇根州 密歇根州纳税人党主席 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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宪法党初选(按在完成最后一轮大会时排序) | |||||
唐·布兰肯希普 | 查尔斯·赫伯 | 唐·格兰德曼 | 萨姆·蒂特尔 | 丹尼尔·克莱德·卡明斯 | J·R·迈尔斯 |
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西维吉尼亚州 前梅西能源行政总裁 |
弗吉尼亚州 作家 |
加利福尼亚州 加利福尼亚宪法党主席 |
德克萨斯州 2012年及2016年美国总统选举独立候选人 |
犹他州 内科医生 |
阿拉斯加州 前阿拉斯加宪法党主席 |
大会 139.5票(首轮投票) 177票(次轮投票) 普选票 639票 |
大会 77.8票(首轮投票) 86.75票(次轮投票) 普选票 186票 |
大会 25.25票(首轮投票) 24票(次轮投票) 普选票 256票 |
大会 46.35票(首轮投票) 21.25票(次轮投票) 普选票 195票 |
大会 13.1票(首轮投票) 普选票 133票 |
普选票 116票[h] |
布罗克·皮尔斯,独立候选人
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独立候选人[46][47] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
布罗克·皮尔斯 | 卡拉·巴拉德 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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波多黎各 比特币基金会理事及前演员 |
宾夕法尼亚州 企业家 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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其他政党提名: | 美国购物党[48] 纽约独立党[49] |
肯伊·威斯特,生日党
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2020年生日党候选人[i][51][52] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
肯伊·威斯特 | 米歇尔·蒂德伯 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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伊利诺伊州 饶舌者、制作人 及时装设计师 |
怀俄明州 传教士 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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布莱恩·卡罗尔,美国团结党
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2020年美国团结党候选人[64][65] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
布莱恩·T·卡罗尔 | 阿玛·帕特尔 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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加利福尼亚州 教师 |
伊利诺伊州 ASP主席 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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其他候选人 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
乔·施瑞纳 | 约书亚·珀金斯 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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俄亥俄州 水管工及活动家 |
德克萨斯州 程序员 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[66] |
阿利森·肯尼迪,社会主义工人党
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2020年社会主义工人党候选人[68][69] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
阿利森·肯尼迪 | 马尔科姆·贾瑞特 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
德克萨斯州 矿工及2016年总统候选人 |
宾夕法尼亚州 活动家 |
比尔·哈蒙斯,美国团结党
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2020_Unity_Party_ballot_access.svg/300px-2020_Unity_Party_ballot_access.svg.png)
2020年美国团结党候选人[71] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
比尔·哈蒙斯 | 埃里克·博登斯塔布 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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德克萨斯州 美国团结党创始人 |
科罗拉多州 科罗拉多团结党主席 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 |
菲尔·柯林斯,禁酒党
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菲尔·柯林斯 | 比利·乔·帕克 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
内华达州 前利伯蒂维尔镇区信托人 |
佐治亚州 前海军陆战队队员 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 |
之前的候选人 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第一轮候选人[74] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
比尔·贝叶斯 | C·L·甘蒙 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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密西西比州 2016年副总统候选人 |
田纳西州 历史学家] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
贝叶斯于2019年3月21日退出[75]。 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第二轮候选人[76] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C·L·甘蒙 | 菲尔·柯林斯 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
田纳西州 历史学家 |
内华达州 前利伯蒂维尔镇区信托人 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
甘蒙于2019年8月2日退出[77]。 |
达里奥·亨特,进步党
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dario_Hunter_2020_presidential_ballot_access.svg/300px-Dario_Hunter_2020_presidential_ballot_access.svg.png)
2020年进步党候选人[31] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
达里奥·亨特 | 道恩·拿普顿·亚当斯 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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俄亥俄州 扬斯敦教育局成员 (2016-2020) 2020年绿党初选总统候选人 |
缅因州 活动家 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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杰德·西蒙斯,独立候选人
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独立候选人[80] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
杰德·西蒙斯 | 克劳德莉亚·罗兹[81] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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德克萨斯州 古典音乐钢琴家 |
德克萨斯州 国防承包商 |
乔·麦克休,独立候选人
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joe_McHugh_2020_ballot_access.svg/300px-Joe_McHugh_2020_ballot_access.svg.png)
麦克休在科罗拉多州[31]和犹他州[82]列入选票,可取得15张选举人票。
独立候选人[36] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
乔·麦克休 | 伊丽莎白·斯托姆 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 |
杰罗姆·西格尔,面包和玫瑰
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bread_and_Roses_Party_2020_presidential_ballot_access.svg/300px-Bread_and_Roses_Party_2020_presidential_ballot_access.svg.png)
2020年面包和玫瑰候选人[84] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
杰罗姆·西格尔 | 约翰·德格拉夫 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
马里兰州 哲学家 |
华盛顿州 纪录片制片人及作家 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 |
布莱克·胡伯,同意投票党
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2020_Approval_Voting_ballot_access.svg/300px-2020_Approval_Voting_ballot_access.svg.png)
2020年同意投票党候选人[86] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
布莱克·胡伯 | 弗兰克·阿特伍德 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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科罗拉多州 同意投票党联合创立人 |
科罗拉多州 利特尔顿选举委员会成员 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
竞选活动 |
凯尔·科皮特克,独立候选人
科皮特克在科罗拉多州[31]和佛蒙特州[87]列入选票,可取得12张选举人票。
独立候选人独立候选人[36] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
凯尔·科皮特克 | 内森·雷·沃·索伦森 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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总统 | 副总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
电影制片人 |
列入单一州份选票的候选人
总统候选人可以在科罗拉多州缴付1,000美元列入选票[88]、在路易斯安那州缴付500美元列入选票[89],而佛蒙特州因COVID-19放弃了原本列入选票的联署要求[90]。大部分列入单一州份选票的候选人只会在以上三州之一中列入选票,或是由不支持大党候选人而产生的附属异常提名。
总统候选人 | 副总统候选人 | 政党 | 州份 |
---|---|---|---|
约瑟夫·基肖尔 | 诺里萨·圣克鲁斯 | 社会主义平等党 | 科罗拉多州[91] |
约翰·理查德·迈尔斯 | 蒂阿拉·苏珊·拉斯克 | 生活与自由党 | 阿肯色州[92][93] |
杰西·温图拉 | 辛西亚·麦金尼 | 阿拉斯加绿党 | 阿拉斯加州[94][36] |
总统·鲍迪 | 埃里克·斯托纳姆 | C.U.P. | 路易斯安那州[55] |
希拉·“森”·蒂特尔 | 戴维·卡尔·桑迪格 | 新墨西哥宪法党 | 新墨西哥州[95][96] |
里基·苏·金 | 戴娜·R·钱德勒 | 家谱了解您的家族史 | 艾奥瓦州[97][98] |
马克·查尔斯 | 阿德里安·华莱士[j] | 无政党联系 | 科罗拉多州[31] |
卡迪亚·玛丽亚姆·雅各布·法布罗公主 | 老卡迪亚·玛丽亚姆·雅各布 | 无政党联系 | 科罗拉多州[31] |
乔丹·“肯萨”·斯科特 | 珍妮佛·特普尔 | 无政党联系 | 科罗拉多州[31] |
汤姆·哈伐令 | 安迪·普里尔 | 生活,自由,宪法 | 路易斯安那州[55] |
克里斯托弗·拉方丹 | 迈克尔·斯皮德 | 无党籍 | 佛蒙特州[59] |
扎卡里·斯卡夫 | 马修·利达 | 无党籍 | 佛蒙特州[59] |
加里·斯温 | 戴维·奥尔兹塔 | 温水煮蛙 | 佛蒙特州[59] |
基思·麦考密克 | 山姆·布拉西亚克 | 公麋 | 佛蒙特州[59] |
H·布鲁克·佩奇 | 托马斯·詹姆斯·惠特曼 | 脾气暴躁的老爱国者 | 佛蒙特州[59] |
理查德·邓肯 | 米奇·布普 | 无党籍 | 佛蒙特州[59] |
2000-100票的候选人
在某些州份中,任何海选选票都会被纪录,哪怕是非人类或者死去的人物。[100][101] 在佛蒙特州,写入偏好包括错误拼写、名人、虚构人物、神、甚至是一种奶酪。[102]
零散的海选选票 | 157,794 | |||
空白或以上皆非 | 132,870 | |||
Candidate | Votes | States reported from | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
On ballot | Write-in | |||
山姆·蒂特尔 | 1,806 | 1 (NM) | 3 (AK, NH, VA) | |
汤姆·霍弗林 | 1,331 | 1 (LA) | 17 states | |
H·布鲁克·佩奇 | 1,175 | 1 (VT) | ||
伯尼·桑德斯 | 1,015 | 3 (NH, RI, VT) | ||
克里斯多福·拉方丹 | 856 | 1 (VT) | ||
凯尔·科皮特卡 | 815 | 2 (CO, VT) | ||
瑞奇·苏·金 | 546 | 1 (IA) | ||
雅各-法布罗公主 | 505 | 1 (CO) | 7 states | |
布莱克·胡贝尔 | 409 | 2 (CO, VT) | ||
约瑟夫·坦尼鲁 | 350 | 1 (CO) | 4 states | |
米特·罗姆尼 | 336 | 3 (NH, RI, VT) | ||
图尔西·加巴德 | 282 | 3 (NH, RI, VT) | ||
托德·塞拉 | 223 | 10 states | ||
理查德·邓肯 | 213 | 1 (VT) | ||
凯西·J·威尔斯 | 213 | 28 states | ||
乔丹·史考特 | 175 | 1 (CO) | ||
杨安泽 | 148 | 3 (NH, RI, VT) | ||
约翰·卡西奇 | 143 | 3 (NH, RI, VT) | ||
盖瑞·斯温 | 141 | 1 (VT) | ||
基斯·麦考密克 | 126 | 1 (VT) | ||
麦克·彭斯 | 121 | 3 (NH, RI, VT) | ||
Source: The Green Papers 1 2 3 |
融合选票和选举联盟
融合选票指两个或多个政党在选票中列出同一位候选人,并为该候选人集中选票。各政党会在投票选项单独列出。
选举联盟指两个或多个政党在选票中列出同一位候选人,并为该候选人集中选票。各政党会在同一投票选项列出。
乔·拜登 / 卡马拉·哈里斯(民主党)
唐·布朗肯西普 / 威廉·摩尔(宪法党)
洛基·德拉富恩特 / 达西·理查森(联盟党)[f]
洛基·德拉富恩特 / 肯伊·威斯特(联盟党)[f]
霍伊·霍金斯 / 安吉拉·沃克(绿党)[k]
达里奥·亨特 / 道恩·拿普顿·亚当斯(进步党)
格洛丽亚·拉·里瓦 / 苏尼尔·弗里曼(争取社会主义和解放党)[e]
布罗克·皮尔斯 / 卡拉·巴拉德(独立候选人)
当劳·特朗普/ 迈克·彭斯(共和党)
备注
- ^ 1.0 1.1 阿拉斯加绿党提名杰西·温图拉为总统候选人,辛西亚·麦金尼为其竞选搭档[15]。
- ^ 法院判决霍金斯能列入宾夕法尼亚州选票,但沃克不能列入,因此该州选票上霍金斯的副总统席位将留空[16]。
- ^ 现在合法大麻党曾提名马克·埃尔斯沃思和鲁迪·雷耶斯为该党总统候选人,但后来改为提名霍金斯[20]。
- ^ 4.0 4.1 为了获得提名,需要绿党的官方认可。
- ^ 5.0 5.1 原本副总统候选人连纳德·斐提尔因健康原因退选,弗里曼接替其位置[34]。
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 在加利福尼亚州提名德拉富恩特位总统候选人的美国独立党,并未提名理查森为副总统候选人,转而提名肯伊·威斯特[38]。
- ^ 新墨西哥州宪法党提名希拉·“萨姆”·蒂特尔为总统候选人,戴维·卡尔·桑迪格为其竞选搭档[42]。
- ^ 迈尔斯仅在爱达荷州获得普选票,并未参加全国大会。
- ^ 9.0 9.1 威斯特也是加利福尼亚州选票上代表美国独立党的副总统候选人[38]。
- ^ 塞迪南·莫尤瓦锡夫扎-科里曾获选为查尔斯的搭档,但不久退出[99]。
- ^ 霍金斯获得了社会主义替代[109]、美国社会党[110]和团结社[111]的支持,但这些政党都不合资格列入选票。
参考资料
- ^ Federal Elections 2020 (PDF). Federal Election Commission. October 2022.
- ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Winger, Richard. July 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition. Ballot Access News. July 1, 2016 [August 25, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ *Ballot Access. Libertarian Party. 24 August 2020 [26 August 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-11) (美国英语).
- Candidate List: November 3, 2020 General Election (PDF). Iowa Secretary of State. 17 August 2020 [18 August 2020]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-01).
- Winger, Richard. Minnesota Will Have Eight Presidential Candidates on Ballot. Ballot Access News. 25 August 2020 [26 August 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-26).
- Winger, Richard. Only Two Petitions Submitted for President in Virginia. Ballot Access News. August 26, 2020 [August 26, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15) (美国英语).
- DiStaso, John. NH Primary Source: It’s official: Libertarian Party candidates to be on general election ballot. WMUR-TV. Hearst Television. 3 September 2020 [4 September 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-13).
- Winger, Richard. Rhode Island Secretary of State Says Libertarian Presidential Petition is Valid. Ballot Access News. 8 September 2020 [9 September 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15).
- ^ Winger, Richard. Jo Jorgensen Wins Libertarian Presidential Nomination on Fourth Vote. Ballot Access News. May 23, 2020 [May 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-24).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Winger, Richard. Jo Jorgensen Wins Libertarian Presidential Nomination on Fourth Vote. Ballot Access News. May 23, 2020 [May 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-24).
- ^ LNC Convention Day 2. YouTube. Libertarian Party of the United States. May 23, 2020 [May 23, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-28).
- ^ Winger, Richard. Libertarian Party Second Round of Presidential Voting. Ballot Access News. May 23, 2020 [May 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-05).
- ^ Frankel, Paul. President first ballot. Independent Political Report. May 23, 2020 [May 23, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-15).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Winger, Richard. Libertarian Party First Round of Presidential Votes. Ballot Access News. May 23, 2020 [May 23, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-17).
- ^ Weigel, David. Rep. Justin Amash says he won't run for president. The Washington Post. May 17, 2020 [May 17, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-07).
- ^ @ToddHagopian. Todd Hagopian (推文). April 29, 2020 [April 29, 2020] –通过Twitter.
- ^ Kalunian, Kim. Chafee drops out of presidential race. WPRI. April 5, 2020 [April 15, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-10).
- ^ Saturn, William. Max Abramson No Longer a Libertarian Party Member, Not Running for President. Independent Political Report. March 21, 2020 [April 15, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-17).
- ^ Ruff for President. Ruff/Phillips 2020. [April 15, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-30).
- ^ Green Party of Alaska nominates Jesse Ventura for president. Must Read Alaska. [September 2, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-02).
- ^ Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court Keeps Howie Hawkins on the Ballot. Ballot Access News. September 9, 2020 [2020-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15).
- ^ *Ballot Access. Howie Hawkins 2020. [September 15, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-15).
- LaRose Announces Determinations Regarding Certification of Independent Candidates for President of the United States. Ohio Secretary of State. August 21, 2020 [2020-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-21).
- Candidate List: November 3, 2020 General Election (PDF). Iowa Secretary of State. 17 August 2020 [18 August 2020]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-01).
- Winger, Richard. Minnesota Will Have Eight Presidential Candidates on Ballot. Ballot Access News. 25 August 2020 [26 August 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-26).
- Kanye West, Jo Jorgensen & others qualify to appear on presidential ballot in Tennessee. News Channel 9. August 25, 2020 [August 26, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-08).
- Winger, Richard. Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court Keeps Howie Hawkins on the Ballot. Ballot Access News. 9 September 2020 [10 September 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15).
- Alaska Green Party Nominates Jesse Ventura for President. Ballot Access News. September 1, 2020 [2020-09-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15).
- ^ Nam, Rafael. Howie Hawkins clinches Green Party's nomination after primary wins. The Hill. June 21, 2020 [June 23, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-03) (英语).
- ^ Winger, Richard. Green Party Nominates Howie Hawkins for President on First Ballot. Ballot Access News. July 11, 2020 [July 11, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-17).
- ^ Winger, Richard. Nebraska Legal Marijuana Now Party Leader Wins Democratic Congressional Nomination. Ballot Access News. March 12, 2020 [August 26, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-30).
- ^ Hawkins, Howie [@HowieHawkins]. Thank you to the members of the Legal Marijuana Now Party of Minnesota for their endorsement! It's time to legalize marijuana and end the war on drugs! Welcome to our growing #LeftUnity campaign! #LegalizeIt Read about our marijuana and drug policies at howiehawkins.us/legalize-marijuana-and-end-the-war-on-drugs/ (推文). August 24, 2020 –通过Twitter.
- ^ Brightwell, Erin. Trump in Trouble and Biden in Hiding: 2020 Presidential Elections. August 13, 2020 [August 21, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-17).
- ^ Hawkins, Howie [@HowieHawkins]. We are honored to have @SocialistAlt joining our #LeftUnity campaign! Don't let your voice get lost in the sauce and your vote taken for granted. Vote your values! Vote #HawkinsWalker Read more at hawkins20.us/SAlt (推文). August 21, 2020 –通过Twitter.
- ^ 美国社会党 [@SPofUSA]. The Socialist Party is excited to announce Howie Hawkins as its presidential nominee for the 2020 election! (推文). October 26, 2019 [October 26, 2019] –通过Twitter.
- ^ Hawkins, Howie. Howie Hawkins for President. Solidarity. [November 2, 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-02).
- ^ Youngstown Board of Education member announces he's running for president. Wkbn.com. February 19, 2019 [March 19, 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-02).
- ^ Mercado, Fernando. 2020 Green Party primary candidates and speculation. Independent Political Report. December 22, 2018 [August 26, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12).
- ^ Dennis Lambert's Biography. votesmart.org. 2019 [July 21, 2019].
- ^ Andrews, John; Everette, Sarah. Officially recognized as a candidate. Green Party of the United States. February 24, 2020 [May 5, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-13).
- ^ *Reiger, John C. PFP Chair: Goodbye Bernie, hello Gloria La Riva!. Peace & Freedom Party. April 12, 2020 [May 7, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-29).
- Winger, Richard. Liberty Union Nominates Gloria La Riva for President. Ballot Access News. May 22, 2020 [May 22, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-10).
- Banks, Chris. PSL gains ballot status in New Mexico. Liberation Magazine. Party for Socialism and Liberation. July 3, 2020 [July 4, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-11).
- La Riva qualifies for presidential ballot in Washington state. Liberation News. August 17, 2020 [August 18, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-21).
- Williams, Carter. Utahns now have the power to choose Kanye West on their presidential ballot. KSL.com. August 17, 2020 [August 21, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-10).
- Winger, Richard. Party for Socialism & Liberation Will Place Presidential Nominee on Illinois Ballot. Ballot Access News. July 27, 2020 [July 28, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-24).
- Winger, Richard. Seven Presidential Petitions Succeed in New Jersey. Ballot Access News. July 28, 2020 [July 28, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-24).
- Winger, Richard. District of Columbia Lowers Presidential Petition This Year Only From 5,007 to 250. Ballot Access News. August 6, 2020 [August 6, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-14).
- Winger, Richard. Louisiana Will Have Fourteen Presidential Candidates on Ballot. Ballot Access News. August 22, 2020 [August 22, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-14).
- Winger, Richard. Minnesota Will Have Eight Presidential Candidates on Ballot. Ballot Access News. 25 August 2020 [26 August 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-26).
- Winger, Richard. Nine Groups Used the Arkansas Presidential Petition This Year. Ballot Access News. August 13, 2020 [August 13, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-14).
- Tennessee Finishes Validating Presidential Petitions | Ballot Access News. [1 September 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15).
- La Riva/Freeman gain ballot access in Rhode Island. Liberation News. September 12, 2020 [September 13, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-29).
- ^ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 2020 General Election Candidate List. Colorado Secretary of State. [16 September 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-17).
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Candidate Information. Texas Secretary of State. [29 August 2020].
- ^ La Riva, Gloria. Party for Socialism and Liberation launches 2020 presidential campaign. Party for Socialism and Liberation. September 25, 2019 [September 27, 2019]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-10).
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Winger, Richard. Party for Socialism & Liberation Alters its Vice-Presidential Nominee. Ballot Access News. August 2, 2020 [August 3, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-25).
- ^ 35.0 35.1 Statement of Vote (PDF). California Secretary of State. March 3, 2020 [2020-09-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-05-17).
- ^ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 Alaska Division of Elections- General Election Candidates. Alaska Division of Elections. September 11, 2020 [September 15, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-02).
- ^ *Winger, Richard. Maine Says Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures. Ballot Access News. August 10, 2020 [August 21, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-14).
- Winger, Richard. Alliance Party Now Ballot-Qualified in Mississippi. Ballot Access News. July 25, 2020 [August 21, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-13).
- Winger, Richard. Michigan Natural Law Party Appears to Have Nominated Rocky De La Fuente for President. Ballot Access News. June 4, 2020 [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-14).
- Winger, Richard. Reform Party Nominates Rocky De La Fuente for President Again. Ballot Access News. June 20, 2020 [June 20, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-24).
- Winger, Richard. American Independent Party Nominates Rocky De La Fuente for President and Kanye West for Vice-President. Ballot Access News. August 15, 2020 [August 15, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-15).
- 2020 Independent Presidential Candidate Petitions (PDF). Tennessee Secretary of State. [August 21, 2020]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-12).
- Winger, Richard. Nine Groups Used the Arkansas Presidential Petition This Year. Ballot Access News. August 13, 2020 [August 13, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-14).
- Murray, Jon. Presidential candidates on Colorado’s November 2020 ballot. The Denver Post. Aug 19, 2020 [Aug 23, 2020]. Colorado1. (原始内容存档于2020-09-13).
- Winger, Richard. Vermont Posts General Election Candidate List; Will Have 22 Presidential Candidates on Ballot. Ballot Access News. August 20, 2020 [August 22, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-14).
- Winger, Richard. Only Three Independent Presidential Petitions Submitted in Idaho. Ballot Access News. [26 August 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15).
- Winger, Richard. Seven Presidential Petitions Succeed in New Jersey. Ballot Access News. July 28, 2020 [July 28, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-24).
- Winger, Richard. Alliance Party Nominates National Ticket. Ballot Access News. April 25, 2020 [May 4, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ 38.0 38.1 Winger, Richard. American Independent Party Nominates Rocky De La Fuente for President and Kanye West for Vice-President. Ballot Access News. August 15, 2020 [August 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-15).
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