ZC45病毒与ZXC21病毒
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ZC45病毒与ZXC21病毒![]() | |
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病毒分类 ![]() | |
(未分级): | 病毒 Virus |
域: | 核糖病毒域 Riboviria |
界: | 正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae |
门: | 小核糖病毒门 Pisuviricota |
纲: | 小南嵌套病毒纲 Pisoniviricetes |
目: | 套式病毒目 Nidovirales |
科: | 冠状病毒科 Coronaviridae |
属: | 乙型冠状病毒属 Betacoronavirus |
亚属: | SARS乙型冠状病毒亚属 Sarbecovirus |
种: | |
毒株: | ZC45病毒与ZXC21病毒 ZC45;ZXC21
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ZC45病毒(SL-CoV ZC45)与ZXC21病毒(SL-CoV ZXC21),被部分媒体称为舟山蝙蝠病毒[1],皆为严重急性呼吸系统综合症相关冠状病毒(SARSr-CoV)的病毒株,在中国浙江舟山的小菊头蝠样本中发现,于2018年发表。这两个病毒株属于SARS-CoV-2的演化支[2],全基因组核酸序列与SARS-CoV-2的相似度约为88%[3][4],与SARS-CoV的相似度则约为81%[5]。
发现
2015年至2017年间,研究人员在浙江舟山采集334只小菊头蝠样本,发现其中含有多种冠状病毒序列,其中有两个新病毒株(即ZC45与ZXC21)的基因组被完整定序,分别长29802与29732nt,彼此基因组序列相似度为97%。这两个病毒株的基因组序列与SARS-CoV相似度约为81%,刺突蛋白(S)胺基酸序列和SARS-CoV的相似度则为77%,皆低于Rs3367等数种较早发现的蝙蝠SARSr-CoV和SARS-CoV的相似度,且两病毒刺突蛋白的S1次单元胺基酸序列和其他蝙蝠SARSr-CoV差异较大,与其相似度最高者(Rs806)亦仅有83%。动物实验显示ZC45病毒可感染实验大鼠,在多个器官造成发炎,其中以脑组织最为明显[5]。
与SARS-CoV-2的相似
2020年1月,2019冠状病毒病疫情甫爆发后,研究人员定序SARS-CoV-2的基因组,发现ZC45与ZXC21是当时已知核酸序列与SARS-CoV-2相似度最高的病毒,约有88%[注 1],高于SARS-CoV-2与SARS-CoV相似度的82%[2],共同组成一演化支,不过两病毒与与SARS-CoV-2在刺突蛋白的相似度较低,核酸序列的相似度约为75%,其中在S2次单元的相似度比S1次单元的高许多,在位于S1末端、与宿主细胞受体结合的受体结合结构域(receptor binding domain, RBD)相似度仅约60%,低于SARS-CoV-2与SARS-CoV在此的相似度(约74%)[4][6]。
争议
2020年9月,前香港大学病毒学研究员闫丽梦在美国发表未经同行评审的论文,指控SARS-CoV-2并非自然产生,而是在实验室经改造ZC45与ZXC21(或称“舟山蝙蝠病毒”)而成的人造病毒,论文指出SARS-CoV-2基因组中的许多特征不见于其他冠状病毒,且ZC45与ZXC21的序列和其“十分相似”,很可能是制作SARS-CoV-2的来源模板,而与SARS-CoV-2关系接近、但在疫情爆发后才发表的RaTG13病毒、RmYN02病毒与穿山甲冠状病毒可能为虚构[7][8]。此论文的可信度受到诸多学者批评[9],许多病毒学家表示ZC45与ZXC21和SARS-CoV-2的序列差异大于10%,约有3500个碱基不同,差异已大到几乎不可能为人工制造[10],有学者并形容此论文为垃圾科学[11]。
演化树
SARS-CoV-2与相关病毒株的系统发生树[12][13] :
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SARS-CoV 79% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
注脚
参考文献
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