紅圈表示大規模滅絕地,黑點則是規模未知的滅絕地
缺氧事件 或大洋缺氧事件 指的是海洋中氧氣 缺乏的一段時期,期間海水中的硫化氫 (H 2 S )含量大幅增加[ 1] 。它在地質史上曾多次發生,同時伴隨而來的是生物集群滅絕 [ 2] 。因此生物地層學 上將缺氧時間當成時間劃分的一個重要指標[ 3] 。它的成因可能是氣候變暖、溫室氣體增加及洋流速度變緩等,而釋放出大量二氧化碳的火山作用 是其主要外部成因[ 4]
絕大部分的缺氧事件都發生在侏羅紀 、白堊紀 等氣溫上升、二氧化碳含量增加的時期,缺氧事件中平均海水表面溫度超過25 °C(77 °F),而現代則不過13 °C(55 °F)。氣溫上升的原因可能是原本封存於地殼中的天然氣大規模釋放[ 5] [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] 。
參見
參考文獻
^ Timothy W. Lyons, Ariel D. Anbar, Silke Severmann, Clint Scott, and Benjamin C. Gill. Tracking Euxinia in the Ancient Ocean: A Multiproxy Perspective and Proterozoic Case Study . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. January 19, 2009, 37 : 507–53 [April 11, 2014] . Bibcode:2009AREPS..37..507L . doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124233 . (原始內容存檔 於2020-05-15).
^ Wignall, Paul B.; Richard J. Twitchett. Oceanic Anoxia and the End Permian Mass Extinction . Science. 5265. 24 May 1996, 272 (5265): 1155–1158 [12 September 2011] . Bibcode:1996Sci...272.1155W . PMID 8662450 . doi:10.1126/science.272.5265.1155 . (原始內容存檔 於2015-09-24).
^ Peters, Walters; Modowan K.E. The Biomarker Guide, Volume 2: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Petroleum Exploration and Earth History . Cambridge University Press. 2005: 749 [2017-03-29 ] . ISBN 978-0-521-83762-0 . (原始內容存檔 於2020-07-26).
^ Katja M Meyer; Lee R Kump. Oceanic euxinia in Earth history: Causes and consequences . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. January 9, 2008, 36 : 251–288 [2014-04-11 ] . Bibcode:2008AREPS..36..251M . doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124256 . (原始內容存檔 於2020-02-26).
^ What would 3 degrees mean? . [2008-07-08 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2008-07-19).
^
Mark Lynas. Six Steps to Hell: The Facts on Global Warming . May 1, 2007 [2008-07-08 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2009-05-02).
^ Gronstal, A. L. Gasping for Breath in the Jurassic Era . Imaginova . 2008-04-24 [2008-04-24 ] . (原始內容存檔 於29 April 2008).
^
Pearce, C. R.; Cohen, A. S.; Coe, A. L.; Burton, K. W. Molybdenum isotope evidence for global ocean anoxia coupled with perturbations to the carbon cycle during the Early Jurassic . Geology (Geological Society of America ). March 2008, 36 (3): 231–234 [2008-04-24 ] . Bibcode:2008Geo....36..231P . doi:10.1130/G24446A.1 . (原始內容存檔 於29 April 2008).
擴展閲讀
Kashiyama, Yuichiro; Nanako O. Ogawa; Junichiro Kuroda; Motoo Shiro; Shinya Nomoto; Ryuji Tada; Hiroshi Kitazato; Naohiko Ohkouchi. Diazotrophic cyanobacteria as the major photoautotrophs during mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: Nitrogen and carbon isotopic evidence from sedimentary porphyrin. Organic Geochemistry. May 2008, 39 (5): 532–549. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.11.010 .
Kump, L.R.; Pavlov, A. & Arthur, M.A. Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia . Geology. 2005, 33 (5): 397–400. Bibcode:2005Geo....33..397K . doi:10.1130/G21295.1 .
Hallam, A. Catastrophes and lesser calamities: the causes of mass extinctions . Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2004: 91 –607. ISBN 0-19-852497-8 .
Demaison G.J. and Moore G.T., (1980),"Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis". American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Bulletin, Vol.54, 1179–1209.
外部連接
技術 社會學 生物學
天文學 生態學
宗教及神秘學
小說及幻想 組織
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