尼古丁依賴
尼古丁依賴[1](煙癮)是一種慢性、復發性疾病。患有此類疾病的患者會非常渴望服用尼古丁,並對尼古丁有害健康的問題視而不見[2]。尼古丁是一種擬交感神經興奮劑[3],能附着在大腦中的尼古丁乙酰膽鹼受體上[4]。由於長期使用尼古丁,大腦犒賞系統內的神經可塑性發生變化,因而產生尼古丁依賴[1][5][6]世界上大約有9.76億煙民[7]。隨着時間的推移,尼古丁依賴的嚴重程度會隨着一個人持續服用尼古丁而日益加深[8]。
尼古丁依賴是一個嚴峻的公共衛生問題,因為煙草中含有大量尼古丁,而煙民數量龐大。截至2021年,世界上大約有9.76億煙民。此外焦慮症患者也越來越依賴尼古丁。[9]因此尼古丁依賴是造成人類死亡的主要原因之一[10]。
參考文獻
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- ^ Fiore, MC; Jaen, CR; Baker, TB; et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update (PDF). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. 2008 [2016-09-02]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-27).
- ^ Ng, M; Freeman, MK; Fleming, TD; Robinson, M; Dwyer-Lindgren, L; Thomson, B; Wollum, A; Sanman, E; Wulf, S. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012.. JAMA. 8 January 2014, 311 (2): 183–92. PMID 24399557. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284692.
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- ^ Rachid, Fady. Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of nicotine dependence: A review. The American Journal on Addictions. 2016, 25 (6): 436–451. ISSN 1055-0496. PMID 27442267. doi:10.1111/ajad.12405.
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