形態測量學

形態測量學（英語：morphometrics）是指對大小、形狀等形態（form）的定量分析，其名稱源於希臘語的μορϕή（morphe，意為「形態」）與-μετρία（metria，意為「測量」）。形態測量學在對生物體的分析中十分常用，可用於分析化石記錄、變異對形狀的影響、形態的發育變化、不同生態因素與形狀之間的協方差，以及估計形狀的數量遺傳參數等。形態測量分析能量化性狀的演化重要度，並通過測量形態的變化來研究其個體發生學、功能或演化關係。形態測量學的一個主要目標是從統計學上檢驗不同因素對形狀影響的假說。

形態測量學的方法主要包括傳統形態測量方法、基於地標點（landmark）的幾何形態測量學方法以及基於輪廓的形態測量學方法。

參考文獻

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Bookstein, Fred. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-521-58598-8.
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^ Chiappe, L.M.; et al. A new Late Mesozoic Confuciusornithid Bird from China (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1999, 19 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011117. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Norell, M.A.; et al. Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the late Mesozoic of northeastern China (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1999, 242: 10. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-11-19）.
^ Benton, M.J.; et al. A primitive confuciusornithid bird from China and its implications for early avian flight (PDF). Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 2008, 51 (5): 625–639 [2020-10-10]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-04-17）.
^ Chiappe, L.M.; et al. Life history of a basal bird: morphometrics of the Early Cretaceous Confuciusornis. Biology Letters. 2008, 4 (6): 719–723 [2017-12-07]. PMC 2614169 . PMID 18832054. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0409. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-31）.

[1] Chiappe, L.M.; et al. A new Late Mesozoic Confuciusornithid Bird from China (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1999, 19 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011117. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[2] Norell, M.A.; et al. Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the late Mesozoic of northeastern China (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1999, 242: 10. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-11-19）.

[3] Benton, M.J.; et al. A primitive confuciusornithid bird from China and its implications for early avian flight (PDF). Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 2008, 51 (5): 625–639 [2020-10-10]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-04-17）.

[4] Chiappe, L.M.; et al. Life history of a basal bird: morphometrics of the Early Cretaceous Confuciusornis. Biology Letters. 2008, 4 (6): 719–723 [2017-12-07]. PMC 2614169 . PMID 18832054. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0409. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-31）.

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