童年
此條目論述以部分區域為主,未必有普世通用的觀點。 (2010年3月1日) |
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童年是從出生跨越到青春期的年齡時間段[1][2][3]。童年也可能包括青少年,但無論如何都是在成年之前。童年一般由兩個階段組成:前運算階段(preoperational stage)和具體運算階段(concrete operational stage)。在發展心理學中,童年被分為四個發展階段,即嬰兒期(學步期),兒童早期(玩耍期),兒童晚期(學齡期),以及青春期(青春期至後青春期)。各種各樣的童年因素會影響一個人人生態度的形成。[1]
童年是一個讓孩子學習、玩耍的時間段,是一個讓孩子在家庭的愛和鼓勵、及許多成人關心下變得堅強與自信的時間段。這個年齡的孩子,生活沒有恐懼,遠離暴力、虐待和剝削。正因如此,童年絕非僅是出生與成為成人期間的間隔。它指的是兒童的生活狀態和條件,及這些年的生活品質。[4]
童年的年齡跨度
童年的具體時間並不明確,它可以指人類發展中的一段長時間。以發育和生物學而言,它指的是嬰兒期與成年期之間的時期。一般而言,童年從出生開始。也有人認為,童年是玩耍和純真的代名詞。許多國家的法律中規定了着法定成人年齡,即一個人的童年正式結束,而在法律上成為成人的年齡。這一年齡各國有所不同,一般在15到20歲之間,其中以18歲最為普遍。
童年的發育階段
兒童早期
腳註
- ^ 1.0 1.1 麥克米倫學生詞典(Macmillan Dictionary for Students)Macmillan, Pan Ltd. (1981),第173頁。於2010-7-15檢索。
- ^ Childhood definition and meaning. Collins Dictionary. [2019年2月2日]. (原始內容存檔於2021年5月1日).
- ^ Definition of Childhood. MedicineNet. [2020-06-25]. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-28) (英語).
- ^ 聯合國兒童基金會(UNICEF),世界兒童發展報告。於2005年檢索。
擴展閱讀
- Ariès, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.
- Boas, George. The Cult of Childhood. London: Warburg, 1966.
- Brown, Marilyn R., ed. Picturing Children: Constructions of Childhood between Rousseau and Freud. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002.
- Buckingham, David. After the Death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. Blackwell Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0-7456-1933-9.
- Bunge, Marcia J., ed. The Child in Christian Thought. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2001.
- Calvert, Karin. Children in the House: The Material Culture of Early Childhood, 1600-1900. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992.
- Cleverley, John and D.C. Phillips. Visions of Childhood: Influential Models from Locke to Spock. New York: Teachers College, 1986.
- Cannella, Gaile and Joe L. Kincheloe. "Kidworld: Childhood Studies, Global Perspectives, and Education". New York: Peter Lang, 2002.
- Cunningham, Hugh. Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. London: Longman, 1995.
- Cunnington, Phillis and Anne Buck. Children’s Costume in England: 1300 to 1900. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1965.
- deMause, Lloyde, ed. The History of Childhood. London: Souvenir Press, 1976.
- Higonnet, Anne. Pictures of Innocence: The History and Crisis of Ideal Childhood. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1998.
- Immel, Andrea and Michael Witmore, eds. Childhood and Children’s Books in Early Modern Europe, 1550-1800. New York: Routledge, 2006.
- Kincaid, James R. Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture. New York: Routledge, 1992.
- Knörr, Jacqueline, ed. Childhood and Migration. From Experience to Agency. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2005.
- Müller, Anja, ed. Fashioning Childhood in the Eighteenth Century: Age and Identity. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006.
- O』Malley, Andrew. The Making of the Modern Child: Children’s Literature and Childhood in the Late Eighteenth Century. London: Routledge, 2003.
- Pinchbeck, Ivy and Margaret Hewitt. Children in English Society. 2 vols. London: Routledge, 1969.
- Pollock, Linda A. Forgotten Children: Parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- Postman, Neil. The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Vintage, 1994.
- Schultz, James. The Knowledge of Childhood in the German Middle Ages.
- Shorter, Edward. The Making of the Modern Family.
- Sommerville, C. John. The Discovery of Childhood in Puritan England. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992.
- Steinberg, Shirley R. and Joe L. Kincheloe. Kinderculture: The Corporate Construction of Childhood. Westview Press Inc., 2004. ISBN 081339157.
- Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
- Zornado, Joseph L. Inventing the Child: Culture, Ideology, and the Story of Childhood. New York: Garland, 2001.
外部連結
- Childhood,In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)的《In Our Time》節目。(現在聆聽)
- 世界兒童基金會 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)(英文)
- Meeting Early Childhood Needs(英文)
前任: 嬰兒期 |
人類發展的過程 兒童早期,兒童期 |
繼任: 青春期早期 |
新條目《童年》高爾基