美洲牡蠣

美洲牡蠣
	美國佐治亞州不倫瑞克市格林沼澤的牡蠣床
保護狀況
	; 易危（NatureServe）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
綱：	雙殼綱 Bivalvia
目：	牡蠣目 Ostreida
科：	牡蠣科 Ostreidae
屬：	巨牡蠣屬 Crassostrea
種：	美洲牡蠣 C. virginica
二名法
	Crassostrea virginica; (Gmelin, 1791)
異名
	Crassostrea floridensis Sowerby; Dioeciostrea americana Orton, 1928; Lopha gibsonsmithi Macsotay & Campos, 2001; Ostraea floridensis G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostraea reniformis G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostraea rostrata Chemnitz, 1785; Ostrea borealis Lamarck, 1819; Ostrea canadensis Lamarck, 1819; Ostrea procyon Holmes, 1858; Ostrea triangularis Holmes, 1856; Ostrea virginiana Röding, 1798; Ostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791;

美洲牡蠣（又譯作美東牡蠣^[3]，學名：Crassostrea virginica），原生於美洲東部，屬於巨牡蠣屬（學名：Crassostrea）。其分佈範圍從加拿大新不倫瑞克省北部起，向南經過西印度群島的部分地區^[4]，一直延伸至委內瑞拉。^[5]^[6]^:7美洲牡蠣也被人工養殖於加拿大海洋省份、美國東岸各州和墨西哥灣沿岸州。在美國華盛頓州普吉特海灣養殖的美洲牡蠣被稱為托頓維珍尼亞生蚝（Totten Inlet Virginica）。^[7]19世紀，美洲牡蠣被引入夏威夷群島，目前常見於珍珠港。^[8]

美洲牡蠣是重要的經濟物種，然而，它們已受到棲息地變化的嚴重影響。據估計，切薩皮克灣及其支流中現存的美洲牡蠣種群數量已不及歐洲殖民者初次抵達時的1%。^[9]目前，美洲牡蠣的種群數量正受過度捕撈和水污染的威脅。2014年，經公益自然（英語：NatureServe）（NatureServe）評估，美洲牡蠣的全球保護等級被調整為「易危」。^[1]此外，美洲牡蠣面臨的其他威脅還包括全球變暖、疾病、寄生蟲，以及入侵物種的競爭。^[10]

描述

美洲牡蠣是濾食性動物，通過吸水並過濾出浮游生物和碎屑進行攝食，然後將水排出，從而清潔周圍的水域。一隻美洲牡蠣可以在24小時內過濾多達50加侖（約189升）的水。^[11]

美洲牡蠣是許多地區的基礎物種（英語：Foundation species）。在西大西洋河口區域，美洲牡蠣扮演着生態系統工程師的角色。^[12]^[13]與珊瑚礁類似，牡蠣床（又稱牡蠣礁（英語：Oyster reef））是可供其他生物附着和棲息的堅硬基底。^[14]據估計，牡蠣床的表面積為同等大小平坦海床的50倍。^[15]

大多數雙殼綱生物的貝殼由霰石形式（正交晶系）的碳酸鈣構成。美洲牡蠣幼蟲的貝殼同樣由霰石形式的碳酸鈣構成，但成年後其貝殼會轉變為菱方系（英語：Rhombohedral）（Rhombohedral）形式。^[16] 這種貝殼成分的轉變被認為是美洲牡蠣對抗捕食者的適應性演化，因為固定在暴露位置的牡蠣需要更厚實且更易生成的菱方系碳酸鈣貝殼。^[16]

側面
外部
內部
特寫
一群牡蠣
生長在柱子上的牡蠣

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 NatureServe. Crassostrea virginica. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 6 January 2023 [28 January 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-29）.
^ Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). GBIF. Copenhagen, Denmark: GBIF Secretariat.
^ 巫文隆. 拉漢/漢拉世界海貝名典初版. 基隆: 水產出版社. 1999: 228. ISBN 957-8596-52-9.
^ McMurray, Patrick. Guidebook of Introduced Marines Species of Hawaii. Bishop Museum and University of Hawaii. 2002 [2023-07-05]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-05）.
^ Crassostrea virginica. National Estuarine and Marine Exotic Species Information System. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. [2 February 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-02）.
^ Carriker, Melbourne R.; Gaffney, Patrick M. Chapter 1: A Catalogue of Selected Species of Living Oyster (Ostreacea) of the World. Kennedy, Victor S.; Newell, Roger I.E.; Eble, Albert F. (編). The Eastern Oyster: Crassotrea virginica. College Park: Maryland Sea Grant College. 1996: 1–18 [2 February 2023]. ISBN 0-943-676-61-4. LCCN 96-076817. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-02） –透過NOAA Institutional Repository.
^ Apple Jr., R.W. The Oyster Is His World. The New York Times. 2006-04-26 [2006-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-08）.
^ Crassostrea virginica, Introduced Marine Species of Hawaii Guidebook. www2.bishopmuseum.org. [2021-01-01]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-05）.
^ Newell, R.I.E. Lynch, M.P.; Krome, E.C. , 編. Understanding the Estuary: Advances in Chesapeake Bay Research. Solomons, Maryland: Chesapeake Research Consortium: 536–546. August 1988 [Proceedings of a Conference, 29-31 March 1988, Baltimore, Maryland]. CRC Publication No. 129, CBP/TRS 24/88. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-29）使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (幫助) –透過National Service Center for Environmental Publications, United States Environmental Protection Agency. |chapter=被忽略 (幫助);
^ Eastern Oyster Biological Review Team. Status review of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Regional Office. February 16, 2007 (報告). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 2007 [28 January 2023]. Tech Memo NMFS-F/SPO-88. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-31）.
^ Field Guide: Eastern Oyster Crassotrea virginica. Chesapeake Bay Program. Chesapeake Bay Program. 2023 [29 January 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-29）.
^ Tomanek, L.; Zuzow, M.J.; Ivanina, A.V.; Beniash, E.; Sokolova, I.M. Proteomic response to elevated PCO2 level in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica: evidence for oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2011, 214 (11): 1836–1844. PMID 21562170. doi:10.1242/jeb.055475 .
^ Gutiérrez, J. L.; Jones, C.G.; Stayer, D.L.; Iribarne, O.O. Mollusks as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats. Oikos. 2003, 101 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12322.x.
^ Crassostrea virginica. Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce and Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program. [29 January 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-29）.
^ Aquatic Reefs. About the Bay. Chesapeake Bay Program. [6 December 2011]. （原始內容存檔於7 December 2011）.
^ ^16.0 ^16.1 Stenzel, H. B. Oysters: Composition of the Larval Shell. Science. 1964, 145 (3628): 155–156. Bibcode:1964Sci...145..155S. JSTOR 1714142. PMID 17821418. S2CID 45306933. doi:10.1126/science.145.3628.155.

外部連結

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：美洲牡蠣
維基物種上的相關資訊：美洲牡蠣

[natureserve2014-1] 1.0 ^1.1 NatureServe. Crassostrea virginica. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 6 January 2023 [28 January 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-29）.

[2] Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). GBIF. Copenhagen, Denmark: GBIF Secretariat.

[3] 巫文隆. 拉漢/漢拉世界海貝名典初版. 基隆: 水產出版社. 1999: 228. ISBN 957-8596-52-9.

[4] McMurray, Patrick. Guidebook of Introduced Marines Species of Hawaii. Bishop Museum and University of Hawaii. 2002 [2023-07-05]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-05）.

[5] Crassostrea virginica. National Estuarine and Marine Exotic Species Information System. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. [2 February 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-02）.

[6] Carriker, Melbourne R.; Gaffney, Patrick M. Chapter 1: A Catalogue of Selected Species of Living Oyster (Ostreacea) of the World. Kennedy, Victor S.; Newell, Roger I.E.; Eble, Albert F. (編). The Eastern Oyster: Crassotrea virginica. College Park: Maryland Sea Grant College. 1996: 1–18 [2 February 2023]. ISBN 0-943-676-61-4. LCCN 96-076817. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-02） –透過NOAA Institutional Repository.

[7] Apple Jr., R.W. The Oyster Is His World. The New York Times. 2006-04-26 [2006-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-08）.

[8] Crassostrea virginica, Introduced Marine Species of Hawaii Guidebook. www2.bishopmuseum.org. [2021-01-01]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-05）.

[9] Newell, R.I.E. Lynch, M.P.; Krome, E.C. , 編. Understanding the Estuary: Advances in Chesapeake Bay Research. Solomons, Maryland: Chesapeake Research Consortium: 536–546. August 1988 [Proceedings of a Conference, 29-31 March 1988, Baltimore, Maryland]. CRC Publication No. 129, CBP/TRS 24/88. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-29）使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (幫助) –透過National Service Center for Environmental Publications, United States Environmental Protection Agency. |chapter=被忽略 (幫助);

[10] Eastern Oyster Biological Review Team. Status review of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Regional Office. February 16, 2007 (報告). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 2007 [28 January 2023]. Tech Memo NMFS-F/SPO-88. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-31）.

[11] Field Guide: Eastern Oyster Crassotrea virginica. Chesapeake Bay Program. Chesapeake Bay Program. 2023 [29 January 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-29）.

[12] Tomanek, L.; Zuzow, M.J.; Ivanina, A.V.; Beniash, E.; Sokolova, I.M. Proteomic response to elevated PCO2 level in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica: evidence for oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2011, 214 (11): 1836–1844. PMID 21562170. doi:10.1242/jeb.055475 .

[13] Gutiérrez, J. L.; Jones, C.G.; Stayer, D.L.; Iribarne, O.O. Mollusks as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats. Oikos. 2003, 101 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12322.x.

[14] Crassostrea virginica. Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce and Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program. [29 January 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-29）.

[15] Aquatic Reefs. About the Bay. Chesapeake Bay Program. [6 December 2011]. （原始內容存檔於7 December 2011）.

[Stenzel-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Stenzel, H. B. Oysters: Composition of the Larval Shell. Science. 1964, 145 (3628): 155–156. Bibcode:1964Sci...145..155S. JSTOR 1714142. PMID 17821418. S2CID 45306933. doi:10.1126/science.145.3628.155.

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