阿卡圍城戰 (1291年)
此條目沒有列出任何參考或來源。 (2011年12月25日) |
阿卡圍城戰 | |||||||||
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馬木留克-十字軍戰爭的一部分 | |||||||||
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參戰方 | |||||||||
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指揮官與領導者 | |||||||||
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兵力 | |||||||||
160,000名步兵 60,000名騎兵 |
17,000名步兵 1,100名騎兵 | ||||||||
傷亡與損失 | |||||||||
中等 |
慘重 |
於1291年發生的阿卡圍城戰(又名阿卡陷落)中,十字軍所控制的阿卡城被穆斯林佔領。該圍城戰被認為是這一時期最重要的戰役之一。雖然十字軍運動持續了幾個世紀,但阿卡的陷落標誌着十字軍進一步向黎凡特進軍的失敗。阿卡的陷落使十字軍失去了耶路撒冷王國最後的堡壘。他們仍然在北部的塔爾圖斯城擁有一座堡壘,並試圖從艾爾瓦德島進軍,但在1302年/1303年十字軍失去了該島,從而徹底被趕出了聖地。
延伸閱讀
- Antonio Musarra, Acri 1291. La caduta degli stati crociati, Bologna, il Mulino, 2017.
- Siege of Acre 1291
- The history of the crusades, Volume 3, pp 70–89 (Google Books, full view) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), by Joseph François Michaud, trans. William Robson. Note that in this account Acre is referred to as "Ptolemaïs", Sultan Qalawun as "Kalouan" and Khalil as "Chalil" and throughout the work Muslims are referred to as "Mussulmans". Several contemporary manuscripts, such as the chronicles of Ibn Ferat, are referenced and appendices give some translations.
- The Crusades by Edward Gibbon (1963), pp. 76–78, provides a useful short summary of the events of the siege including an overview of the situation in Acre at the time.
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- ^ Sean McGlynn. The Siege of Acre: a monstrous blot on the Third Crusade. The Spectator. 18 May 2018 [17 August 2019]. (原始內容存檔於May 14, 2018).