馬特米揚·柳廷

馬特米揚·柳廷
Martemyan Ryutin
馬特米揚·柳廷; Martemyan Ryutin
	攝於1936年被捕期間
出生	1890年2月13日; 俄羅斯帝國伊爾庫茨克州巴拉甘斯克（英語：Balagansk）
逝世	1937年1月10日（46歲）; 蘇聯莫斯科
國籍	俄羅斯帝國（1890年–1917年）; 俄羅斯共和國（1917年）; 蘇維埃俄國（1917年–1922年）; 蘇聯（1922年–1937年）
母校	伊爾庫茨克師範學院
職業	革命家; 政治家; 社會活動家
兒女	3

馬特米揚·尼基蒂奇·柳廷（俄語：Мартемья́н Ники́тич Рю́тин，羅馬化：Martem'yán Nikítich Ryútin，1890年2月13日—1937年1月10日），他是蘇聯馬克思主義活動家、布爾什維克革命家和蘇共高級幹部人員^[2]。1917年9月—12月，任哈爾濱工兵代表蘇維埃主席。1930年代初，柳廷作為反對時任蘇聯領導人約瑟夫·斯大林的右翼反對派領導人之一^[3]，曾主持起草了一份長達200頁的反斯大林主義綱領。他在這份文件中將當時災難性的經濟形勢歸結於斯大林的獨斷專行，其中寫道：「黨和無產階級專政被斯大林及其隨從帶入了一條不為人知的死胡同，並且現在正面臨着致命的危險。在群體欺騙和誹謗的幫助下，在難以置信的高壓與恐怖統治的幫助下，斯大林同志在過去的五年裏把最優秀的、最純粹的布爾什維克幹部從領導層中剔除出去，在政治局乃至全國建立起了他的個人專政，並與列寧主義決裂最終走上了一條最難以控制的冒險主義和極端個人崇拜的道路。」^[4]隨後他連同其支持者一起被蘇聯秘密警察逮捕，這便是著名的「柳廷事件」^[5]。柳廷拒絕承認法庭對他的指控^[6]，作為大清洗運動的一部分，他於1937年1月10日被宣佈以反革命破壞罪（英語：Wrecking (Soviet Union)）和間諜的罪名被處決^[7]。

在蘇聯的最後幾年裏，柳廷在政治上獲得了平反；他對斯大林及其政策的長篇批文首次被公開發表，該文章於2010年被翻譯為英文版本^[8]。

參考資料

^ Sobhanlal Datta Gupta (ed.), The Ryutin Platform: Stalin and the Crisis of Proletarian Dictatorship: Platform of the "Union of Marxists-Leninists." Parganas, India: Seribaan, 2010; pg. xvi.
^ V.A. Torchinov and A.M. Leontiuk, Vokrug Stalina: Istoriko-biografiicheskii spravochnik (Stalin's Circle: Historical-Biographical Handbook). St. Petersburg: Philosophical Department of St. Petersburg State University, 2000; pp. 419–420.
^ Daniels, Robert Vincent. The Consvience of the Revolution, Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1969: 195–196. ISBN 0-671-20387-8.
^ Merridale, Moscow Politics and the Rise of Stalin, pg. 85, reprinting an excerpt published in Arkadii Vaksberg, "Kak zhivoi c zhivymi," Literaturnaia gazeta, June 29, 1988, pg. 13.
^ Aware of his impending doom, Bukharin had his young wife memorize a document called "To a Future Generation of Party Leaders" in which he asserted "I knew nothing about the secret organizations of Ryutin and Uglanov. Along with Rykov and Tomsky, I always expounded my views out in the open." See: Anna Larina, This I Cannot Forget: The Memoirs of Nikolai Bukharin's Widow. [1988] Garry Kern, trans. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993; pp. 261–262.
^ Vaksburg, Arkadi. Names That Have Returned. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency. 1989: 48.
^ Gupta, The Ryutin Platform, pg. xv.
^ See: Sobhanlal Datta Gupta (ed.), The Ryutin Platform: Stalin and the Crisis of Proletarian Dictatorship: Platform of the "Union of Marxists-Leninists." Pranab Ghosh and Susmita Bhattacharya, translators. Parganas, India: Seribaan, 2010; pp. 1–150.

延伸閱讀

Sobhanlal Datta Gupta (ed.), The Ryutin Platform: Stalin and the Crisis of Proletarian Dictatorship: Platform of the "Union of Marxists-Leninists." Pranab Ghosh and Susmita Bhattacharya, translators. Parganas, India: Seribaan, 2010. —Includes full text of the Ryutin Platform.
Boris A. Starkov, Martem'ian Riutin: Na koleni ne vstanu. Moscow: Politizdat, 1992.
I. Anfertev, Martem'ian Riutin. Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1990.
William A. Clark, 「The Ryutin Affair and the 『Terrorism』 Narrative of the Purges,」 Russian History, vol. 42, no. 4 (2015): 377-424.

[GuptaXVI-1] Sobhanlal Datta Gupta (ed.), The Ryutin Platform: Stalin and the Crisis of Proletarian Dictatorship: Platform of the "Union of Marxists-Leninists." Parganas, India: Seribaan, 2010; pg. xvi.

[Vokrug-2] V.A. Torchinov and A.M. Leontiuk, Vokrug Stalina: Istoriko-biografiicheskii spravochnik (Stalin's Circle: Historical-Biographical Handbook). St. Petersburg: Philosophical Department of St. Petersburg State University, 2000; pp. 419–420.

[3] Daniels, Robert Vincent. The Consvience of the Revolution, Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1969: 195–196. ISBN 0-671-20387-8.

[4] Merridale, Moscow Politics and the Rise of Stalin, pg. 85, reprinting an excerpt published in Arkadii Vaksberg, "Kak zhivoi c zhivymi," Literaturnaia gazeta, June 29, 1988, pg. 13.

[5] Aware of his impending doom, Bukharin had his young wife memorize a document called "To a Future Generation of Party Leaders" in which he asserted "I knew nothing about the secret organizations of Ryutin and Uglanov. Along with Rykov and Tomsky, I always expounded my views out in the open." See: Anna Larina, This I Cannot Forget: The Memoirs of Nikolai Bukharin's Widow. [1988] Garry Kern, trans. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993; pp. 261–262.

[6] Vaksburg, Arkadi. Names That Have Returned. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency. 1989: 48.

[GuptaXV-7] Gupta, The Ryutin Platform, pg. xv.

[8] See: Sobhanlal Datta Gupta (ed.), The Ryutin Platform: Stalin and the Crisis of Proletarian Dictatorship: Platform of the "Union of Marxists-Leninists." Pranab Ghosh and Susmita Bhattacharya, translators. Parganas, India: Seribaan, 2010; pp. 1–150.

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