吠
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_dog_mid-bark.jpg/220px-A_dog_mid-bark.jpg)
吠主要指犬叫時發出的類似「汪」的短促的聲音。其他諸如狼、 郊狼、九尾狐、鰭足類動物、胡狼、吠叫貓頭鷹、麂、一些海獅科動物、草原犬鼠、一些鳥類和某些大猩猩也能發出這種聲音。[1][2][3]
不過對於狼來說,這種聲音只佔狼所有發聲中的2.4%[4][5]。狼只在警告、防禦和抗議時才會發出類似於狗吠的聲音。相比之下,狗在各種各樣的場合都會吠,[6] 而且還能連續吠叫數小時。 [7]雖然造成這種差異的原因尚不清楚,但很有可能與狗的馴化歷史有關。[7][8][9][10][11]
也不是所有的狗都能發出狗吠聲。例如生活在非洲中部的巴仙吉犬由於喉部形狀不同尋常,所以會發出一種與約德爾唱法類似的聲音。 [12]巴辛吉犬也因此被人稱作「無吠犬」。 [13]
很多人反感狗吠,因此一些養狗人士經常為此遭到投訴。同時專門切除狗聲帶的外科手術應運而生,不過此類手術被指不人道,在一些地區會遭到抵制[14][15][16]。
參見
參考文獻
- ^ Walker, Matt. Burrowing US prairie dogs use complex language. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) BBC Earth News. 2 February 2010.
- ^ Lord, Kathryn., Feinstein, Mark., Coppinger, Raymond. Barking and mobbing. 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期29 June 2011. Behavioural Processes. 2009.
- ^ L. David Mech; Luigi Boitani. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. 1 October 2010. ISBN 978-0-226-51698-1.
- ^ Schassburger, R.M. H. Frank , 編. Wolf vocalization: An integrated model of structure, motivation, and ontogeny. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk. 1987.
- ^ Coscia, E.M. Ontogeny of timber wolf vocalizations: Acoustic properties and behavioral contexts (PhD Dissertation論文). Dalhousie University.
- ^ Fedderson-Peterson, D.U. Vocalization of European wolves (Canus lupus lupus L.) and various dog breeds (Canus lupus f., fam.). Arch. Tierz (Kiel, Germany: Institut für Haustierkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University). 2000, 4: 387–397.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Coppinger, R.; M. Feinstein. 'Hark! Hark! The dogs do bark...' and bark and hark.. Smithsonian. 1991, 21: 119–128.
- ^ Belyaev, D.K.; I.Z. Plyusnina; L.N. Trut. Domestication in the silver fox (Vulpus fulvus desm.) – changes in physiological boundaries of the sensitive period of primary socialization. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 1984, 13 (4): 359–370. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(85)90015-2.
- ^ Fox, M.W. Saunders, W.B. , 編. The influence of domestication upon behavior of animals. Abnormal Behaviour in Animals (Philadelphia). 1986: 179–187.
- ^ Dechambre, E. La theorie de la foetalisation et la formation des races de chiens et de porcs. Mammalia. 1949, 13 (3): 129–137. S2CID 85263393. doi:10.1515/mamm.1949.13.3.129 (法語).
- ^ Fox, M.W. Behavior of wolves and related canids. Malabar, FL. 1971.
- ^ Adapted from the book "Why Pandas Do Handstands," 2006, by Augustus Brown.
- ^ Tudor-Williams, Veronica. 1945 Letter from Africa. The Basenji. BCOA African Stock Project. May 1988 [21 May 2019]. (原始內容存檔於2021-07-30).
- ^ 街頭殘忍切狗聲帶. 東方日報. [2022-12-12]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-12) (中文(香港)).
- ^ Richard Murray and Helen Penridge. Dogs in the Urban Environment. Chiron Media 1992, ISBN 0-646-07157-2, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Mordecai Siegal and Matt Margolis. When Good Dogs Do Bad Things: Proven solutions to 30 common problems. Little, Brown and Co. 1986, ISBN 0-316-79012-5, pp. 33–44.
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