基礎代謝率

基礎代謝率（英語：basal metabolic rate，首字母縮寫BMR）是指在自然溫度環境中，恆溫動物（比如人）的身體在非劇烈活動的狀態下，處於非消化狀態，維持生命所需消耗的最低能量。這些能量主要用於保持各器官的機能，如呼吸（肺）、心跳（心臟）、腺體分泌（腦及其他神經系統）、過濾排泄（腎臟）、解毒（肝臟）、肌肉活動等等。基礎代謝率會隨着年齡增加或體重減輕而降低，而隨着肌肉增加而增加。疾病、進食、環境溫度變化、承受壓力水平變化都會改變人體的能量消耗，從而影響基礎代謝率。基礎代謝率的測量需要在嚴格的條件下進行，受測者必須處於清醒且完全靜止狀態，同時其交感神經系統需要保持非激活狀態。另一種相關的條件但較寬鬆的測量是「靜止代謝率」（單純維持生理消耗，此數據用在描述變溫動物居多）的測量 基礎代謝率和靜止代謝率的測量可以採用量熱法來進行氣體分析而直接獲得結果，或通過一個包含有年齡、性別、身高、體重的公式來進行間接估算。基礎代謝率的單位為「千焦/平方米/小時」，表徵每小時每平方米體表所散發的熱量。

參考文獻

來源

• Tsai, AG; Wadden, TA. Systematic review: An evaluation of major commercial weight loss programs in the United States. Annals of internal medicine. 2005, 142 (1): 56–66. PMID 15630109. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00012. 
• Gustafson, D.; Rothenberg, E.; Blennow, K.; Steen, B.; Skoog, I. An 18-Year Follow-up of Overweight and Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003, 163 (13): 1524–8. PMID 12860573. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.13.1524. 
• Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: Executive summary. Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight in Adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1998, 68 (4): 899–917. PMID 9771869. 
• Segal, Arthur C. Linear Diet Model. College Mathematics Journal. 1987, 18 (1): 44–5. doi:10.2307/2686315. 
• Pike, Ruth L; Brown, Myrtle Laurestine. Nutrition: An Integrated Approach 2nd. New York: Wiley. 1975. OCLC 474842663. 
• Sahlin, K.; Tonkonogi, M.; Soderlund, K. Energy supply and muscle fatigue in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1998, 162 (3): 261–6. PMID 9578371. doi:10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.0298f.x. 
• Saltin, Bengt; Gollnick, Philip D. Skeletal muscle adaptability: Significance for metabolism and performance. Peachey, Lee D; Adrian, Richard H; Geiger, Stephen R (編). Handbook of Physiology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1983: 540–55. OCLC 314567389.  Republished as: Saltin, Bengt; Gollnick, Philip D. Skeletal Muscle Adaptability: Significance for Metabolism and Performance. Comprehensive Physiology. 2011. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. doi:10.1002/cphy.cp100119. 
• Thorstensson. Muscle strength, fibre types and enzyme activities in man. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1976, 443: 1–45. PMID 189574. 
• Thorstensson, Alf; Sjödin, Bertil; Tesch, Per; Karlsson, Jan. Actomyosin ATPase, Myokinase, CPK and LDH in Human Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1977, 99 (2): 225–9. PMID 190869. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1977.tb10373.x. 
• Vanhelder, W. P.; Radomski, M. W.; Goode, R. C.; Casey, K. Hormonal and metabolic response to three types of exercise of equal duration and external work output. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1985, 54 (4): 337–42. PMID 3905393. doi:10.1007/BF02337175. 
• Wells, J. G.; Balke, B; Van Fossan, DD. Lactic acid accumulation during work; a suggested standardization of work classification. Journal of applied physiology. 1957, 10 (1): 51–5. PMID 13405829. 
• McArdle, William D; Katch, Frank I.; Katch, Victor L. Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 1986. OCLC 646595478. 

外部連結

• 基礎代謝率的簡單計算
• Harris, JA; Benedict, FG. A Biometric Study of Human Basal Metabolism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1918, 4 (12): 370–3. Bibcode:1918PNAS....4..370H. PMC 1091498 . PMID 16576330. doi:10.1073/pnas.4.12.370. 
• Harris-Benedict study. Detailed discussion of antecedents, data, measurements, statistics (Published by The Carnegie Institution of Washington 1919) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• BMR as affected by alcohol
• BMR and personality （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）