標準消防十條法則
《標準消防十條法則》(英語:Ten Standard Firefighting Orders)是美國國家森林局特遣隊所制定的系統化規則,以減少人員傷亡、增加消防效率。[1][2]
制定
該規則源於美軍的《哨兵通令》(士兵站崗工作的安全、效率指導)。日後出台的《18種警覺情況》(18 Watchout Situations)又進一步為《標準消防十條法則》的內容作出了補充說明。[1]該規則原本是按照重要性排序的,但1980年代人們對順序作出了調整並縮短了規則長度,這樣每一條規則的首字母最後能拼成「Fire Orders」,便於記憶,只是2002年該規則又被改回原狀。[2]這些消防規則主要是在強調讓消防員在有限的時間內安全逃離危險。[3]
包括肖松尼國家森林1937年布萊克沃特大火、海倫娜國家森林1949年曼恩峽谷大火在內的數起消防員死傷慘重的大火讓人們對消防員生命安全重視起來,進而制定了這一系列的規則。這些規則可用作估測消防行動的後果,只是有一部分消防員批評這些規則難以遵守。[2][4]
內容
- Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecasts. (注意火災天氣情況、天氣預報。)
- Know what your fire is doing at all times.(時刻記得火勢走向。)
- Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire.(一切行動基於當前火情、預測的火情。)
- Identify escape routes and safety zones and make them known.(尋找出合適的逃生路徑、安全區,並告知他人。)
- Post lookouts when there is possible danger.(有潛在危險時需通報。)
- Be alert. Keep calm. Think clearly. Act decisively.(時刻警覺。保持鎮定。思維清晰。行動果斷。)
- Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your supervisor, and adjoining forces.(保持與隊友、上級、同盟間的即時聯繫。)
- Give clear instructions and ensure they are understood.(給出明確的指令,確保對方理解。)
- Maintain control of your forces at all times.(控制住隊友的行動,量力而為。)
- Fight fire aggressively, having provided for safety first.(大力滅火,安全第一。)
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Standard Firefighting Orders and 18 Watchout Situations. Risk Management. USDA Forest Service. [2013-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2013-07-02).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Weick, Karl E.; Kathleen M. Sutcliffe. Managing the Unexpected: Resilient Performance in an Age of Uncertainty 2nd. Wiley. 2011: 141. ISBN 9780470534236.
- ^ on Wildland Firefighter Safety | Standard Orders and Watch Outs. California Professional Firefighters Associati. 2007 [2013-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2015-05-18).
- ^ Wilkens, John. Deadly 1956 chaos led to 'firefighting orders' Rules held sacred, but effectiveness under fire. The San Diego Union-Tribune. 2006-11-25 [2013-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2015-05-18).