竹節蟲科

竹節蟲科; 化石時期：100–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 森諾曼期－現代
	Bactrododema tiaratum
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	節肢動物門 Arthropoda
綱：	昆蟲綱 Insecta
目：	竹節蟲目 Phasmatodea
亞目：	真䗛亞目 Euphasmatodea
下目：	脛平下目 Anareolatae
科：	竹節蟲科 Phasmatidae; Gray, 1835
屬
	見正文
多樣性
	10個亞科
異名
	Lanceocercata; Phasmidae;

竹節蟲科（學名：Phasmatidae）是竹節蟲目真䗛亞目下的一個科^[1]。竹節蟲研究組（英語：Phasmid Study Group）（PSG）認定本科包含10個亞科，但此定義應為複系群。

分類歷史

竹節蟲科的分類地位仍不穩定，不同學者對其包含類群的定義均有差異^[2]。過去竹節蟲科為一複系群，2001年有學者將竹節蟲亞科、幽靈竹節蟲亞科、短角棒䗛亞科、平頭竹節蟲亞科、Tropidoderinae與Xeroderinae等組成單系群的6個亞科合稱為「Lanceocercata」，即狹義（sensu stricto（英語：sensu stricto））的竹節蟲科類群^[3]，後續研究將平頭竹節蟲亞科多數的屬改歸入大頭竹節蟲亞科，該亞科餘下的類群被認為不屬於Lanceocercata^[4]。2008年有研究將長角棒䗛亞科從笛竹節蟲科移入本科，又把竹節蟲亞科進一步分拆出克䗛亞科（Clitumninae），並將Achriopterini與Stephanacridini兩個族自竹節蟲亞科移出，上述所有類群與另兩個亞科（Cladomorphinae、Eurycanthinae）共同組成廣義（sensu lato）的竹節蟲科^[3]。有些研究認為克䗛亞科為複系群，Stephanacridini與Cladomorphinae和Lanceocercata的關係較為接近，但2019年的分子種系發生學研究結果顯示克䗛亞科為Lanceocercata的姊妹群^[5]。

亞科

根據竹節蟲研究組定義，竹節蟲科包含以下亞科^[6]：

Cladomorphinae（英語：Cladomorphinae）：分佈於馬達加斯加、爪哇島、蘇拉威西與南美洲
克䗛亞科（英語：Clitumninae） Clitumninae：分佈於亞洲
幽靈竹節蟲亞科（英語：Extatosomatinae） Extatosomatinae：分佈於澳洲
長角棒䗛亞科（英語：Lonchodinae）（Lonchodinae）^{[註 1]}
大頭竹節蟲亞科 Megacraniinae：分佈於澳大拉西亞與亞洲
Monandropterinae：分佈與亞洲與非洲
短角棒䗛亞科（英語：Pachymorphinae） Pachymorphinae：分佈於亞洲、非洲與澳洲
竹節蟲亞科（英語：Phasmatinae） Phasmatinae：分佈於澳大拉西亞與亞洲
平頭竹節蟲亞科 Platycraninae：分佈於澳大拉西亞與亞洲
Tropidoderinae（英語：Tropidoderinae）：分佈於澳大拉西亞、亞洲與非洲
Xeroderinae（英語：Xeroderinae）：分佈於澳大拉西亞與亞洲

此外還有若干屬的地位未定，包括Achrioptera（英語：Achrioptera）、Glawiana、Monoiognosis與Spathomorpha，皆分佈於非洲（包含馬達加斯加）^[6]。除現生的10科外，緬甸琥珀（英語：Burmese amber）中發現的已滅絕屬Echinosomiscus也屬於竹節蟲科，被歸入另一亞科Echinosomiscinae^[2]。

本科包括以下屬：^[8]

Acanthoderus
Gray, 1835
- Acanthoderus spinosus (Gray, 1834)
Acanthograeffea Günther, 1932
Acanthomima Kirby, 1904
Acanthoxyla Uvarov, 1944
Achrioptera Coquerel, 1861
Acrophylla Gray, 1835
Agamemnon Moxey, 1971
Anchiale Stål, 1875
Anchiole
Anophelepis Westwood, 1859
Aploploides Rehn & Hebard, 1938
Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004
Apterograeffea Cliquennois & Brock, 2002
Apteroplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Argosarchus Hutton, 1898
Arphax Stål, 1875
Baculomia Bresseel & Constant, 2019
Baculonistria Hennemann & Conle, 2008
Caledoniophasma Zompro, 2001
Cephaloplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Cigarrophasma Brock & Hasenpusch, 2001
Cladomorphus Gray, 1835
Cladoxerus Peletier de Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828
Clitarchus Stål, 1875
Cnipsomorpha Hennemann, Conle, Zhang & Liu, 2008
Cnipsus Redtenbacher, 1908
Cotylosoma Wood-Mason, 1878
Cranidium Westwood, 1843
Ctenomorpha Gray, 1833
Cuniculina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Davidrentzia Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
Diagoras Stål, 1877
Diapherodes Gray, 1835
Didymuria Kirby, 1904
Dimorphodes Westwood, 1859
Dryococelus Gurney, 1947
Echetlus Stål, 1875
Ectentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Entoria Stål, 1875
Epicharmus Stål, 1875
Erastus Redtenbacher, 1908
Erringtonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Eucarcharus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Eurycnema Audinet-Serville, 1838
Extatosoma Gray, 1833
Gigantophasma Sharp, 1898
Glawiana Hennemann & Conle, 2004
Gongylopus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Graeffea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1868
Guamuhaya Yong, 2017
Haplopus Burmeister, 1838
Hermachus Stål, 1875
Hermarchus Stål, 1875
Hesperophasma Rehn, 1901
Heterophasma Redtenbacher, 1908
Hirtuleius Stål, 1875
Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908
Interphasma Chen & He, 2008
Jeremia Redtenbacher, 1908
Jeremiodes Hennemann & Conle, 2007
Lamponius Stål, 1875
Leosthenes Stål, 1875
Lobofemora Bresseel & Constant, 2015
Lysicles Stål, 1877
Macrophasma Hennemann & Conle, 2006
Malandania Sjöstedt, 1918
Mauritiophasma Cliquennois & Brock, 2004
Medaura Stål, 1875
Medauroidea Zompro, 2000
Medauromorpha Bresseel & Constant, 2017
Megacrania Kaup, 1871
Mesentoria Chen & He, 2008
Metentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Micropodacanthus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
Monandroptera Audinet-Serville, 1838
Monogynacantha Cliquennois, 2021
Monoiognosis Cliquennois & Brock, 2004
Neomedaura Ho, 2020
Neosinophasma Ho, 2017
Neospiniphasma Ho, 2021
Nesiophasma Günther, 1934
Nisyrus Stål, 1877
Onchestus Stål, 1877
Ophicrania Kaup, 1871
Otocraniella Zompro, 2004
Parabactridium Redtenbacher, 1908
Parabaculum Brock, 1999
Paracranidium Brock, 1998
Paractenomorpha Hennemann & Conle, 2004
Paracyphocrania Redtenbacher, 1908
Paraentoria Chen & He, 1997
Paraleiophasma Chen & He, 2008
Parapachymorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Parapodacanthus Brock, 2003
Paratropidoderus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
Parhaplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Paronchestus Redtenbacher, 1908
Peloriana Uvarov, 1940
Pharnacia Stål, 1877
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796
筒胸竹節蟲屬 Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907
Phobaeticus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Phryganistria
Stål, 1875
- Phryganistria bachmaensis (Ta & Hoang, 2004)
- Phryganistria fruhstorferi (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
- Phryganistria grandis Rehn, 1906
- Phryganistria guangxiensis Chen & He, 2008
- Phryganistria heusii (Hennemann & Conle, 1997)^[9]
- Phryganistria longzhouensis Chen & He, 2008
- Phryganistria tamdaoensis Bresseel & Constant, 2014
- Phryganistria virgea (Westwood, 1848)
Platycrana Gray, 1835
Podacanthus Gray, 1833
Prosentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Pseudoclitarchus Salmon, 1991
Pterinoxylus Audinet-Serville, 1838
Pterulina Bresseel & Constant, 2020
Ramulus Saussure, 1862
Rhamphophasma Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Rhaphiderus Audinet-Serville, 1838
Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908
Sadyattes Stål, 1875
Sigaruphasma Hennemann, Conle, Perez-Gelabert & Valero, 2020
Sinoxenophasmina Ho, 2021
Spathomorpha Cliquennois, 2005
Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908
Tainophasma Conle, Hennemann & Perez-Gelabert, 2014
Taraxippus Moxey, 1971
Tepakiphasma Buckley & Bradler, 2010
Teruelphasma Yong, 2017
Tirachoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Tropidoderus Gray, 1835
Vasilissa Kirby, 1896
Venupherodes Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Wattenwylia Piza, 1938
Woodmasonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Xenomaches Kirby, 1896
Xenophasmina Uvarov, 1940
Xeroderus Gray, 1835
Xylodus Saussure, 1859

註腳

^ 已於2018年被移入一新科長角棒䗛科（英語：Lonchodinae）^[7]。

參考文獻

^ Phasmatidae. Phasmida SpeciesFile. Phasmid Study Group（英語：Phasmid Study Group）. 2009-09-28 [2011-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-04）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Engel, Michael S.; Wang, Bo; Alqarni, Abdulaziz S. A thorny, 'anareolate' stick-insect (Phasmatidae s.l.) in Upper Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with remarks on diversification times among Phasmatodea. Cretaceous Research. August 2016, 63: 45–53 [2022-02-10]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.015. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-21）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 FRANK H. HENNEMANN, OSKAR V. CONLE. Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe PharnaciiniGünther, 1953, including the description of the world's longestinsect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 withkeys to the subfamilies and tribes(Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa. 2008, 1906 (1): 15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1906.1.1.
^ Hennemann FH. Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae").. Zootaxa. 2020, 4896 (2): zootaxa.4896.2.1 [2022-02-10]. PMID 33756861. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.1. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-10） –透過ResearchGate.
^ Simon S, Letsch H, Bank S, Buckley TR, Donath A, Liu S, Machida R, Meusemann K, Misof B, Podsiadlowski L, Zhou X, Wipfler B and Bradler S. Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects.. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2019, 7: 345. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00345.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 family Phasmatidae Leach, 1815. Phasmid Study Group（英語：Phasmid Study Group）. [2022-02-10]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-09）.
^ Robertson, James A.; Bradler, Sven; Whiting, Michael F. Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2018, 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00216 .
^ Phasmatidae. GBIF. [2023-02-05]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
^ Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant. 2014. Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with Three New Taxa including the Second Longest Insect Known to Date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini). European Journal of Taxonomy. 104: 1–38; doi: 10.5852/ejt.2014.104
^ World's Longest Insect Revealed. Natural History Museum. 2008-10-16 [2022-02-10]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-19）.
^ World's longest insect discovered in China. www.chinadaily.com.cn. 2016-05-05 [2020-03-27]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-27）.

[8] 已於2018年被移入一新科長角棒䗛科（英語：Lonchodinae）^[7]。

[psg2009-1] Phasmatidae. Phasmida SpeciesFile. Phasmid Study Group（英語：Phasmid Study Group）. 2009-09-28 [2011-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-04）.

[Engel-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Engel, Michael S.; Wang, Bo; Alqarni, Abdulaziz S. A thorny, 'anareolate' stick-insect (Phasmatidae s.l.) in Upper Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with remarks on diversification times among Phasmatodea. Cretaceous Research. August 2016, 63: 45–53 [2022-02-10]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.015. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-21）.

[Hennemann2008-3] 3.0 ^3.1 FRANK H. HENNEMANN, OSKAR V. CONLE. Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe PharnaciiniGünther, 1953, including the description of the world's longestinsect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 withkeys to the subfamilies and tribes(Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa. 2008, 1906 (1): 15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1906.1.1.

[pmid33756861-4] Hennemann FH. Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae").. Zootaxa. 2020, 4896 (2): zootaxa.4896.2.1 [2022-02-10]. PMID 33756861. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.1. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-10） –透過ResearchGate.

[5] Simon S, Letsch H, Bank S, Buckley TR, Donath A, Liu S, Machida R, Meusemann K, Misof B, Podsiadlowski L, Zhou X, Wipfler B and Bradler S. Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects.. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2019, 7: 345. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00345.

[PSG-6] 6.0 ^6.1 family Phasmatidae Leach, 1815. Phasmid Study Group（英語：Phasmid Study Group）. [2022-02-10]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-09）.

[Robertson2018-7] Robertson, James A.; Bradler, Sven; Whiting, Michael F. Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2018, 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00216 .

[9] Phasmatidae. GBIF. [2023-02-05]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.

[10] Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant. 2014. Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with Three New Taxa including the Second Longest Insect Known to Date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini). European Journal of Taxonomy. 104: 1–38; doi: 10.5852/ejt.2014.104

[11] World's Longest Insect Revealed. Natural History Museum. 2008-10-16 [2022-02-10]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-19）.

[12] World's longest insect discovered in China. www.chinadaily.com.cn. 2016-05-05 [2020-03-27]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-27）.

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