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維基百科，自由的百科全書
不同顏色大小的橡皮筋

橡皮筋，簡稱橡筋，是一種用橡膠與乳膠作成的短圈，一般用來把東西綁在一起。於1845年英國一家橡膠工廠的老闆史蒂芬·派瑞（Stephen Perry），發明了橡皮筋。是一種環形的物體，可以將許多物體鞏固在一起。橡皮筋是以橡膠和其他材料混合製成的。如今，橡皮筋已經廣泛地被運用在日常生活中，且有各種不同的尺寸。

A rubber band, also known as an elastic band, laggy band, gum band, or elastic, is usually ring shaped and commonly used to hold multiple objects together. The rubber band was patented in England on March 17, 1845, by Stephen Perry.[1][2][3][4] Mesoamericans (such as Aztecs and Mayans) were using natural rubber products by 1600 B.C.; they mixed latex with other materials to get desired properties. In 1839, Charles Goodyear developed vulcanization which is used to make rubber today.[5] Most rubber bands are manufactured out of natural rubber. Rubber bands come in a variety of sizes.

製造

橡皮筋由橡膠與乳膠製成。首先，橡膠會加上一些染色粉放入攪拌機中攪拌使橡膠顏色均勻，接着放入碾壓機碾壓成扁平狀，然後放入碾平機中碾成薄膜狀，再來壓擠成長形的圓柱體，丟入吹風機裏吹成空心的直筒狀，送到高溫蒸汽機裏固化橡膠，最後放進高速切割機中切割橡膠變成一個又一個的橡皮筋。[3][6]

原料

儘管其他橡膠製品可能使用合成橡膠製作，但是由於天然橡膠優良的彈性，所以橡皮筋主要是使用天然橡膠製作的。[3]

天然橡膠來自於從橡膠樹的樹皮上開孔取得的乳膠。橡膠樹屬於大戟家族(大戟科)並且分佈在熱帶區域。一旦橡膠已經被開發而且暴露於空氣中，它會開始漸漸變硬並且變得有彈性。橡膠樹只生長於熱帶，赤道附近的潮濕氣候地區，所以多數的橡膠都產於東南亞國家的馬來西亞、泰國和印尼。

尺寸

測量

橡皮筋的測量

每條橡皮筋都具備着3種測量方式：長度、寬度以及厚度。(見圖)

橡皮筋的長度為其圓周的一半；寬度為其一邊至另一邊的距離；厚度為其內圓至外圓的距離。

長形圓柱體的橡膠被切成薄片成為橡皮筋之前，橡皮筋的寬度由每一段要被切割多遠的長度部分來做決定。

尺寸號碼

A rubber band is given a standard or quasi-standard number based on its dimensions.

Generally, rubber bands are numbered from smallest to largest, width first. Thus, rubber bands numbered 8–19 are all 1/16 inch wide, with lengths going from 7/8 inch to 31⁄2 inches. Rubber band numbers 30–34 are for width of 1/8 inch, going again from shorter to longer. For even longer bands, the numbering starts over for numbers above 100, again starting at width 1/16 inch.

The origin of these size numbers is not clear and there appears to be some conflict in the "standard" numbers. For example, one distributor[7] has a size 117 being 1/16 inch wide and a size 127 being 1/8 inch wide. However, an OfficeMax size 117[8] is 1/8 inch wide. A manufacturer[9] has a size 117A (1/16 inch wide) and a 117B (1/8 inch wide). Another distributor[10] calls them 7AA (1/16 inch wide) and 7A (1/8 inch wide) (but labels them as specialty bands).

通常, 橡皮筋的編號由最小到最大, 寬度優先 因此, 編號8–19的橡皮筋都是1/16 英寸寬, 長度從7/8 英寸到31⁄2 英寸 橡膠帶編號30–34為寬度為1/8 英寸, 再從短到長 對於更長的頻帶, 編號將從100以上的數字開始, 再從寬度1/16 英寸開始 這些大小數字的來源並不清楚, "標準" 數字似乎存在某種衝突 例如, 一個分發伺服器的大小117為1/16 英寸寬, 大小127為1/8 英寸寬 但是, OfficeMax 大小 117是1/8 英寸寬 製造商有大小 117A (1/16 英寸寬) 和 117B (1/8 英寸寬) 另一個經銷商稱他們 7AA (1/16 英寸寬) 和 7A (1/8 英寸寬) (但標籤他們作為專業帶)

橡皮筋尺寸
尺寸 長度 (英寸) 寬度 (英寸) 厚度 (英寸)
10 1.25 1/16 1/32
12 1.75 1/16 1/32
14 2 1/16 1/32
31 2.5 1/8 1/32
32 3 1/8 1/32
33 3.5 1/8 1/32
61 2 1/4 1/32
62 2.5 1/4 1/32
63 3 1/4 1/32
64 3.5 1/4 1/32
117 7 1/16 1/32

熱力學

主條目：Rubber elasticity

Temperature affects the elasticity of a rubber band in an unusual way. Heating causes the rubber band to contract and cooling causes expansion.[11] One can observe this: stretching a rubber band will cause it to release heat (press it against your lips to notice this), while releasing it after it has been stretched will make it absorb heat, causing its surroundings to become cooler. This effect is due to the higher entropy of the unstressed state, which is more entangled and therefore has more states available. In other words, the ability to convert thermal energy into work while the rubber relaxes is allowed by the higher entropy of the relaxed state.

The result is that a rubber band behaves somewhat like an ideal monatomic gas, inasmuch as (to good approximation) elastic polymers do not store any potential energy in stretched chemical bonds. No elastic work is done to "stretch" molecules when work is done upon these bulk polymers. Instead, all work done upon the rubber is "released" (not stored) and appears immediately in the polymer as thermal energy. Conversely, when the polymer does work on the surroundings (such as contracting to lift an object) it converts thermal energy to work in the process and cools in the same manner as an ideal gas expanding while doing work.

紅橡皮筋

主條目：皇家郵政的橡皮筋
約10條皇家郵政的紅橡皮筋

英國2004年期間，民眾抱怨關於郵差丟棄用來固定信件在一起的橡皮筋從而製造垃圾。[12]之後皇家郵政給工作人員引進了紅橡皮筋使用 : 希望紅橡皮筋比傳統的黃橡皮筋還要更容易認出，而且因為只有皇家郵政會使用紅橡皮筋，所以如果工作人員不小心把橡皮筋掉下去，他們會容易看到並且撿起來。現在，皇家郵政每年使用約三億四千兩百萬條的紅橡皮筋。[13]

Ranger bands

Ranger bands made from moped inner tube

This type of rubber band was popularized by use in the military. Ranger bands are essentially sections of tire inner tubing cut into various sizes. They have the advantage of being versatile, durable, and resistant to weather and abrasion. They are commonly used for lashings, and can also be used for makeshift handle grips, providing a strong high-friction surface with excellent shock absorption.[14]

這種橡膠帶在軍事上得到了推廣 遊俠樂隊基本上是部分輪胎內管切割成各種大小 他們的優點是多才多藝, 耐用, 耐天氣和耐磨 它們通常用於鞭打, 也可以用於臨時手柄, 提供一個強大的高表面, 具有優異的減震能力

膠筋法

主條目：膠筋法
去勢、斷尾所使用的膠圈和彈力鉗

橡皮筋在畜牧業上常用來斷尾或者是公畜去勢。膠筋法的方法為使用緊密的橡皮筋札在希望去除的身體部位，以限制血液流動。當流到相應部位的血液減少時，內部細胞將會壞死並且脫水，最終脫落。

模型使用

Rubber bands have long been one of the methods of powering small free-flight model aircraft, the rubber band being anchored at the rear of the fuselage and connected to the propeller at the front. To 'wind up' the 'engine', the propeller is repeatedly turned, twisting the rubber band. When the propeller has had enough turns, the propeller is released and the model launched, the rubber band then turning the propeller rapidly until it has unwound.

One of the first to use this method was pioneer aerodynamicist George Cayley, who used rubber band driven motors for powering his small experimental models. These 'rubber motors' have also been used for powering small model boats.

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ Loadman, John; James, Francis, The Hancocks of Marlborough: Rubber, Art and the Industrial Revolution – A Family of Inventive Genius: 89, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-957355-4 
  2. ^ March 17 – Today in Science History – Scientists born on March 17th, died, and events. todayinsci.com. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 How rubber bands are made. This reference states that the rubber is vulcanized before it is extruded. The rubber is then "cured" on mandrels.[與來源不符] The "Made How" reference appears to directly copy text from other sources, some of which appears to be incorrect. The exact same text regarding Thomas Hancock appears in a 1995 book entitled "CD's, super glue and salsa: how everyday products are made" by Kathleen Witman, Kyung-Sun Lim, Neil Schlager. Contradicting other sources, both credit Thomas Perry rather than Stephen Perry for the invention of the rubber band.
  4. ^ British Patent 13880/1845, "Specification of the Patent granted to Stephen Perry, of Woodland's-place, St. John's-wood, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, and Thomas Barnabas Daft, of Birmingham, Manufacturer, for Improvements in Springs to be applied to Girths, Belts, and Bandages, and Improvements in the Manufacture of Elastic Bands. — Sealed March 17, 1845", http://todayinsci.com/Events/Misc/Perry-ElasticBandsPatent.htm
  5. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya. Ancient Mesoamerica's Rubber Industry. New York Times Corporation. [29 March 2013]. 
  6. ^ Lee Rubber Products, How rubber bands are made. This reference states that the rubber is vulcanized after it is extruded.
  7. ^ Rubber Band Size & Color Chart – Big Wig Bands. bigwigbands.com. 
  8. ^ OfficeMax, #OM97352, UPC 011491-973520
  9. ^ sizes of standard and common rubber bands, rubber band sizes, rubber band measurements. lee-rubber.com. 
  10. ^ Rubber bands, large rubber bands, pallet bands from Dykema Rubber Band.. dykemarubberband.com. 
  11. ^ Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band, American Journal of Physics, May 1963, 31 (5): 397–397, doi:10.1119/1.1969535 
  12. ^ Rubber bands: The Royal Mail used the red bands.
  13. ^ The Times: "Posties' red rubber bands stretch public's patience"
  14. ^ Ranger Bands (Rubber Bands on Steroids). instructables.com. 

外部連結

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