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用戶:Dkzzl/消歧義、模板沙盒

維基百科，自由的百科全書

埃武拉的市徽（上圖）中的騎士即是無畏的熱拉爾多；該城的中心廣場——熱拉爾多廣場（下圖）也以他命名

無畏的熱拉爾多（葡萄牙語：Geraldo Sem Pavor[1]，約死於1173年）是一位葡萄牙戰士，也是收復失地運動中基督教一方的一位英雄人物。他主要在瓜迪亞納河下游貧瘠的阿連特茹和埃斯特雷馬杜拉地區與穆斯林作戰，他最大的成就是攻佔了埃武拉，自他佔領該城以後，此城一直由基督徒控制。他的傳奇經歷與卡斯蒂利亞的英雄熙德有些相似，因此他也被成為「葡萄牙的熙德[2]」。

在阿連特茹和埃斯特雷馬杜拉的征戰

熱拉爾多可能並不是一個貴族，他1162年左右組織了一支私人軍隊，士兵主要是來自科英布拉的市民[3]。熱拉爾多率領的軍隊名義上是一支私兵，《哥特人編年史》稱他們是一支自籌糧餉的強盜，但國王阿方索一世也很有可能為他們提供了支援。因為此時國王受到萊昂與卡斯蒂利亞的協議的限制，無法親自南征[3]。

熱拉爾多的部隊發展了一套對付穆斯林據點的行之有效的戰術[4]。他通常在天寒地凍或暴風雨來臨時發動出其不意的襲擊，並組織小股精銳士兵偷偷翻上工事，殺死哨兵，打開城門，大軍隨之魚貫而入[5]。穆斯林史家伊本·薩希卜·薩拉（Ibn Ṣāḥib al-Ṣalā）對他的戰術做了記載，後來17世紀的穆斯林史家馬加利也引用了這一記載[6]。原文如下：

基督狗（熱拉爾多）選擇在漆黑一片、狂風四起、雨雪交加的夜晚率軍偷偷向城市進軍。他們帶着用來翻過城牆的大型木梯，架起梯子翻過城牆，抓住哨兵，命他按平時的方式報告，免得別人察覺。突擊隊佔領整個城牆後，就以自己的語言發出可怕的喊叫，隨後衝進城內，消滅敵軍，劫掠每一個遇見他們的人，最後把全城的人都帶走囚禁[7]。

以這種戰術，熱拉爾多攻佔了許多城市。各種原始記載中，他攻佔的城市基本一致，但關於佔領的時間和順序的記載則存在不同。伊本·薩希卜的記載如下：

熱拉爾多在埃武拉的雕像，描繪他斬下一個摩爾人的首級

伊斯蘭紀元560年（公元1165年）的主馬達·敖外魯月（4月-5月），特魯希略被敵軍奇襲攻下，都爾喀爾德月（10-11月）有名的埃武拉城淪陷。561年（公元1166年）的色法爾月（1165年12月-1166年1月），卡塞雷斯的人民遭受了同樣的命運。主馬達·阿色尼月（1166年4月-5月），蒙坦切斯的城堡及位於茹洛梅尼亞和塞爾帕的據點也被攻佔[8]。

伊斯蘭紀元560-561年大致相當於公元1165-1166年，但據其他記載，伊本·薩希卜的記載可能比實際情況晚一年。據後來的一部葡萄牙語編年史《哥特人編年史》的記載，熱拉爾多攻佔埃武拉是在西班牙紀元1204年，即公元1166年[9]，特魯希略是在1164年5月14日或6月[10]被攻佔[11]，卡塞雷斯則是在1164年12月[10]或1166年9月被佔領[11]。以上幾個城市就是他征服活動的主要成果，次要一些的對蒙坦切斯、茹洛梅尼亞、塞爾帕的征服可能發生在1165年[10]，其中後兩者的征服也可能發生在1167年3月[11]。


聖克魯斯德拉謝拉於1167-1168年[11]或1169年與烏雷尼亞（Ureña）一起被熱拉爾多攻陷[10]，成為他的最後兩個成果。佔領兩地使他能夠威脅貝雅[11]。另外他還在一次遠征中攻佔了蒙弗拉圭[12]，但不能確定其時間[6]。

與萊昂王國的衝突

熱拉爾多的征服大獲成功，但他於1168年向東擴張，引起了萊昂王國的警惕。當初萊昂-卡斯蒂利亞國王阿方索七世在薩阿貢制定了繼承安排，熱拉爾多所征服的部分地區本來是應留給萊昂王國去征服的[13]，有些最東邊的土地甚至本來是留給卡斯蒂利亞王國去征服的[10]。萊昂國王費爾南多二世在熱拉爾多佔領特魯希略之後就展開了敵對行動，1166年春，佔領了阿爾坎塔拉這個塔霍河南岸的橋頭堡[14]，隨後，穆斯林統治者穆瓦希德王朝哈里發優素福一世又警告費爾南多，稱熱拉爾多侵犯了後者的佔領權，於是費爾南多與優素福結盟[5][10]。

1169年早夏，熱拉爾多經過長時間的圍城，攻下了巴達霍斯，但守軍逃進內城，圍攻戰仍在繼續[5]。葡萄牙國王阿方索一世意識到，攻佔這一重要城市可以同時削弱他的伊斯蘭教和基督教敵人， 於是率軍前往巴達霍斯幫助熱拉爾多。這引起了萊昂國王費爾南多二世的反制，他宣稱巴達霍斯應該是他的，並應穆瓦希德哈里發優素福一世的要求，領兵南下與優素福的500援軍會合[10]。兩支部隊合力圍困了葡萄牙軍隊，雙方在巴達霍斯展開了巷戰，阿方索國王想要逃走，但被城門鉸鏈卡住墜馬，摔斷了腿的國王被敵人俘虜。熱拉爾多則被萊昂貴族，國王的妹夫費爾南·魯伊斯·德·卡斯特羅俘虜。

戰鬥結束後，萊昂王國控制了巴達霍斯（包括內城），隨後把該城還給穆斯林。Ferdinand succeeded in gaining the valley of the upper Limia and the regions of Toroño (around Tuy), Capraria (around Verín), and Lobarzana (around Chaves) from Afonso in exchange for his release.[15] Several of Gerald's conquests were ceded to purchase his freedom.[5][13] Ferdinand retained Cáceres, but Trujillo, Montánchez, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Monfragüe he gave to Fernán Ruiz.[16]

為穆瓦希德王朝效命

In 1171 and 1172,[17] while Yusuf was waging war on Valencia and Murcia, general anarchy prevailed in the Extremadura as Leonese, Portuguese, and Almohad troops fought for supremacy. Gerald took advantage of Yusuf's absence to conquer Beja in the Alentejo (1172). When he and Afonso disagree over whether to hold the site or raze it, Gerald—"impoverished and bereft of all aid" [18]—went to Seville to put himself in the service of the caliph. To keep him away from Portugal he was sent to Morocco with 350 troops.[19] There he received the governorship of al-Sūs (the plains and mountains of southern Morocco), but soon entered into negotiations with his former monarch concerning the use of al-Sūs as a base for a Portuguese invasion. When his correspondence was intercepted, he was arrested and put to death.[5] The Chronica latina regum castellae, a Latin Christian chronicle, summarises Gerald's career in one paragraph at the end of its tenth chapter:

Also then [at the capture of Afonso I at Badajoz] was captured Gerald, alias "without fear", who was given over to Rodrigo Fernández （原文如此）, the Castilian, to whom, in exchange for his liberty, Gerald handed over Montánchez, Trujillo, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Monfragüe, which the same Gerald had gained from the Saracens, to whom he had caused much damage, and by whom he was decapitated in Moroccan territory on a laughable pretext.[20]

The chief source for Gerald's negotiations with the caliph and his death in Morocco is Ibn `Idhārī al-Marrākushī's Al-Bayān al-Mugrib. Many of the cities and castles that Gerald captured with ease were later re-conquered by the Almohads, who improved their fortifications so much that they were not taken by the Christians again until the next century.[21] Cáceres was besieged four times without success (1184, 1213, 1218, and 1222) and is usually referred to as a castrum famossum ("famous castle") or muy fuerte castillo ("very strong castle") in Christian sources, although it had fallen relatively easily to Gerald.[22] Trujillo was not taken by the Christians again until 1234.[23] The defences of Badajoz were completely reworked after 1169 and those that survive today are almost entirely of the Almohad period; the city only fell to the Christians permanently in 1226.[24]


  The dauntless Gerald: in his left he bears
   Two watchmen's heads, his right the falchion rears:
   The gate he opens, swift from ambush rise
   His ready bands, the city falls his prize:
   Évora still the grateful honour pays,
   Her banner'd flag the mighty deed displays:
   There frowns the hero; in his left he bears
   The two cold heads, his right the falchion rears.
         —Camoens, The Lusiads
            (Canto VIII, 21)[25]

後世影響

Gerald left his mark on the toponymy of the Extremadura. A document of the Order of Calatrava of 1218 refers to the cabeza de giraldo ("head of Gerald") as a place, without indicating where it lay. Two streams, the Geradillo and the Geraldo, the first flowing from the second and into the Tagus, are also named after Gerald. The region where the stream originates is in the highlands around Casas de Miravete, which is quite possibly the site of the cabeza.[26]

The legends which later arose surrounding Gerald are given concise retelling by Louis-Adrien Duperron de Castera, a French translator:

He was a man of rank, who, in order to avoid the legal punishment to which several crimes rendered him obnoxious, put himself at the head of a party of freebooters. Tiring, however, of that life, he resolved to reconcile himself to his sovereign by some noble action. Full of this idea, one evening he entered Évora, which then belonged to the Moors. In the night he killed the sentinels of one of the gates, which he opened to his companions, who soon became masters of the place. This exploit had its desired effect. The king pardoned Gerald, and made him governor of Évora. A knight with a sword in one hand, and two heads in the other, from that time became the armorial bearing of the city.[27]

來源與註釋

Notes

  1. ^ Owing to the non-standardisation of spelling in the twelfth century, his name may also be rendered Gerardo or Giraldo. The Spanish version of his patronymic is Geráldez. In medieval Latin he was described as Giraldus qui dicebatur sine pavore ("Gerald, who is called without fear").
  2. ^ Or the "Portuguese Cid", but not without some controversy. To certain Spanish scholars a mere guerilla fighter has no business consorting with El Cid (cf. Cillán Cillán, n9).
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Saraiva, J.H. 葡萄牙简史. 澳門: 花山文藝出版社. 1994: 36–38. ISBN 9787806112205. 
  4. ^ Clemente Ramos, 653.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Bishko, 414–15.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Pavón Maldonado, 182.
  7. ^ Clemente Ramos, 653 n14: El perro caminaba en noches lluviosas y muy oscuras, de fuerte viento y nieve, hacia las ciudades y había preparado sus instrumentos de escalas de madera muy largas, que sobrepasen el muro de la ciudad, aplicaba aquellas escaleras al costado de la torre y subía por ellas el primero, hasta la torre y cogía al centinela y le decía: "Grita como es tu costumbre," para que no le sintiese la gente. Cuando se había completado la subida de su grupo a lo más alto del muro de la ciudad, gritaban en su lengua con un alarido execrable, y entraban en la ciudad y combatían al que encontraban y le robaban y cogían a todos los que había en ella cautivos y prisioneros a todos los que estaban allí.
  8. ^ Translated from the Spanish: En Yumada segundo de la hegira 560 fue sorprendida la ciudad de Truxillo, y en Diskada, la notable villa de Jeburah. También la población de Cáceres en Safar de 561, y el castillo de Muntajesh en Umada y los fuertes de Severina y Jelmaniyyah (in Cillán Cillán).
  9. ^ Enrique Flórez, España Sagrada (Madrid: 1796), XIV:428: Æra 1204. Civitas Elbora capta, & depraedata, & noctu ingressa a Giraldo cognominato sine pavore, & latronibus sociis ejus, & tradidit eam Regi D. Alfonso (In the year 1166 the city of Évora was captured and depredated, for at night it was entered by Gerald called "the Fearless", and his associates entered by the latrines, and made over [the city] to the king Don Afonso).
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Cillán Cillán.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Floriano Cumbreño, see note 10 in Cillán Cillán.
  12. ^ Variously spelled Mofra, Monfra, Monfrag, and Monsfragüe.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Powers, 42.
  14. ^ Hernández Giménez (part III), 311–12.
  15. ^ Fletcher, 134.
  16. ^ Ibn Ṣāḥib states that three years after its conquest, between 17 October 1167 and 4 October 1168, Gerald was forced to cede Trujillo to a certain Ferdinand, called a brother-in-law of "Fernando el Baboso" (Ferdinand the Stupid), that is, the king of León. The gift to Fernán is also recorded in a Christian source, the Chronica latina regum castellae. The date given by Ibn Ṣāḥib conflicts with the dates of 1169 (cf. Bishko, 414–15) or 1170 (cf. Clemente Ramos, 649–50) found in other sources. Cf. Hernández Giménez (part I), 93.
  17. ^ Years in which Muhammad ibn Mardanish of Murcia was defeated by Yusuf and then died, leaving his kingdom of the taking.
  18. ^ Original Latin: depaupertatus autem et destitutus omni auxilio transtulit se ad Sarracenos, quibus multa dampna intulerat (quoted in Barton, n84).
  19. ^ Barton, 28–35.
  20. ^ Original Latin (from Cillán Cillán): Tunc et caputs fuit Giraldus qui dicebant sine pavore et traditus in manus Roderici Fernandi Castellani, cui pro liberatione sua dedit idem Giraldus Montages, Trujellum, Sancta Cruz, Monfra que idem Giraldus acquisierat a sarracenis.
    Spanish translation (from Crónica Latina de los reyes de Castilla, 10): También fue entonces capturado Giraldo, alias "Sin miedo", quien fue entregado a Rodrigo Fernández, el Castellano, al que, a cambio de su libertad, Giraldo entregó Montánchez, Trujillo, Santa Cruz de la Sierra y Mofra, que el mismo Giraldo había ganado a los sarracenos, a los que había causado muchos daños, y por los que fue decapitado en tierras marroquíes con un pretexto baladí.
  21. ^ Clemente Ramos, 701.
  22. ^ Clemente Ramos, 655.
  23. ^ Clemente Ramos, 670.
  24. ^ Clemente Ramos, 677–78.
  25. ^ Translation from the 1887 edition of William Julius Mickle's (1776) translation, p. 229. Other translation available online are J. J. Aubertin (London: 1884), p. 107, and Richard Francis Burton with Isabel Burton (London: 1880), vol. II, p. 296.
  26. ^ Hernández Giménez (part III), 303.
  27. ^ From Mickle's translation of Castera's notes to Camoens, p. 229 n3.

來源

  • Simon Barton. 2002. "Traitors to the Faith? Christian Mercenaries in al-Andalus and the Maghreb, c.1100–1300". Medieval Spain: Culture, Conflict, and Coexistence: Studies in Honour of Angus MacKay. Edited by Roger Collins and Anthony Goodman. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Charles Julian Bishko. 1975. "The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492". A History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Harry W. Hazard, ed. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Francisco Cillán Cillán. 2006. "La fortaleza medieval de la Sierra de Santa Cruz". Coloquios Históricos de Extremadura.
  • Julián Clemente Ramos. 1994. "La Extremadura musulmana (1142–1248): Organización defensiva y sociedad". Anuario de estudios medievales, 24:647–701.
  • Richard A. Fletcher. 1978, The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Félix Hernández Giménez. 1967. "Los caminos de Córdoba hacia Noroeste en época musulmana, I". Al-Andalus, 32(1):37–123.
  • Félix Hernández Giménez. 1967. "Los caminos de Córdoba hacia Noroeste en época musulmana, III". Al-Andalus, 32(2):277–358.
  • Basilio Pavón Maldonado. 1967. "Arqueología musulmana en Cáceres (Aljibes medievales)". Al-Andalus, 32(1):181–210.
  • James F. Powers. 1987. A Society Organized for War: The Iberian Municipal Militias in the Central Middle Ages, 1000–1284. Berkeley: University of California Press.

延伸閱讀

  • Antonio Floriano Cumbreño. 1957. Estudios de Historia de Cáceres (desde los orígenes a la Reconquista). Oviedo: Diputación Provincial de Cáceres.
  • David Lópes. 1940. "O Cid português: Geraldo Sempavor". Revista Portuguesa de Historia, 1:92–109.
  • Armando de Sousa Pereira. 2008. Geraldo Sem Pavor: Um guerreiro de fronteira entre cristãos e muçulmanos, c. 1162–1176. Oporto: Fronteira do Caos Editores.
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