用戶:JuneAugust/qqq
Tesla Model S | |
---|---|
概覽 | |
製造商 | 特斯拉汽車 |
生產日期 | 2012——至今 |
款式年份 | 2013 |
裝配地 | 美國: 佛瑞蒙, 加利福尼亞州 (Tesla Factory) |
設計師 | Franz von Holzhausen |
車身及底盤 | |
車輛類別 | 全尺寸 |
車體風格 | 5-door 掀背車 |
動力佈局 | 後輪驅動後輪驅動 |
動力系統 | |
電動機 | 310 kW(416 bhp), 600 N·m(443 ft·lb), Three-phase 異步電動機 |
變速器 | 1-speed fixed gear (9.73:1) |
電動電池 | 60 or 85 千瓦·時 鋰離子電池[1] |
電動里程 | |
充電樁 | |
規格 | |
軸距 | 2,959 mm(116.5英寸) |
長度 | 4,976 mm(195.9英寸) |
寬度 | 1,963 mm(77.3英寸) |
高度 | 1,435 mm(56.5英寸) |
整備質量 | 2,108公斤(4,647.3磅) |
特斯拉S型(Tesla Model S)是一款由美國特斯拉汽車公司開發的全尺寸純電動四門掀背轎車。原型車在2009年的法蘭克福車展上首次向公眾展示,在2012年6月於美國開始零售交付使用[4]。2013年8月初特斯拉S型在歐洲發佈,首批交貨市場在挪威、瑞士和荷蘭[5]。
特斯拉S型分為多種檔次的型號,最高檔次型號內置85千瓦·時鋰離子電池組。經美國國家環境保護局(EPA)評定高性能型特斯拉S型單次充電可以行走265英里(426公里),超越同廠產品Tesla Roadster成為目前市面上續航距離最遠的純電動車[6][7][8]。EPA評定配備60kWh的S型單次充電可以行走208 mi(335 km)[9]。EPA的能源消費的額定功率為每公里237.5瓦時(38千瓦時/100英里),組合燃油經濟性為每加侖汽油當量89英里(2.64升/100公里)[6][10]。特斯拉還計劃推出一款較小型40 KW·h電池型號,預計將提供160英里(260公里)的續航範圍,專門針對低需求市場[11]。
基礎型的特斯拉S型可以巡航240公里,且由0加速到97km/h僅需5.6秒。[12]
Tesla allocated the first 1,000 sedans off the production line to a Signature and Signature Performance limited edition, equipped with the 85 kW·h battery pack, and priced in the U.S. at 95,400美元 and 105,400美元 respectively, before any applicable U.S. federal and local government tax credits and incentives.[13][12] The base Model S starts at 69,900美元 with a 60 kW·h battery pack up to 79,900美元 with the 85 kW·h pack before any government subsidies.[6][13] Since its introduction, cumulative sales in North America reached 12,700 units through June 2013, with most units delivered in the U.S.[14] The Model S ranked as the top selling 充電式電動車輛 in North America during the first quarter of 2013 with 4,900 cars sold, ahead of the 雪佛蘭沃藍達 (4,421) and the Nissan Leaf (3,695).[15] The Model S was the top selling car in Norway in September 2013, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the new cars sold in the country during this month, and becoming the first electric car to top the sales ranking in any country.[16][17][18]
The Tesla Model S has won numerous awards and recognition such as the 2013 World Green Car of the Year, 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year, 新聯合汽車製造公司's 2013 Car of the Year, Time Magazine Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award, Consumer Reports' top-scoring car ever, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 美國國家公路交通安全管理局 top ranked 5 star safety rating.
History
According to Consumer Reports, the Tesla Model S has a high score of 99.It's the premium electric sedan that intends to compete with cars such as the BMW 5系列. This model follows Tesla Motors' business plan to expand down-market from the high performance Tesla Roadster sports car. Model S was styled byFranz von Holzhausen, who previously worked for Mazda North American Operations. The chassis, body, motor and energy storage systems are unique to Tesla Motors.[19]
The Tesla Model S was initially codenamed WhiteStar during research and preliminary development.[20][21][22] The Model S was announced in a 新聞稿on June 30, 2008.[23][24] The prototype vehicle was displayed at a press conference on March 26, 2009.[25]
In February 2008 it was reported that Tesla Motors was planning to offer a range-extended version of its Model S. This version would have included a 汽油引擎 to extend the driving range of the vehicle,[26] but it was removed in later revisions. At the GoingGreen conference in September 2008, Musk announced that Tesla was only developing all-electric cars and not hybrids.[27]
Construction of an assembly factory in 阿布奎基 (新墨西哥州) (a central location for shipping) was supposed to begin in April 2007, but was cancelled.[28] A factory to be built in 聖荷西 (加利福尼亞州) was also announced.[29][30][31] In May 2010 Tesla Motors announced it would produce the new lower-priced Model S at the former 新聯合汽車製造公司 assembly plant in Fremont, California,[32] now known as the Tesla Factory.
The Model S was featured on 晚間秀 in April 2009. Because the car uses no gasoline and does not produce any tailpipe emissions, it was allowed on the Late Show set and was the first fully functioning car on stage.[33]
Production
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tesla_auto_bots.jpg/220px-Tesla_auto_bots.jpg)
Tesla manufactures the Model S at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California. For the European market, Tesla is assembling and distributing the Model S from its European Distribution Center in 蒂爾堡, the Netherlands.[34] Tesla chose Tilburg as its assembly and distribution center because of its good infrastructure for distribution purposes and its location near the port of 鹿特丹, where Models S and its components arrive from the U.S. The center occupies a 18,900 m2(203,000 sq ft) industrial building which also serves as a workshop and spare parts warehouse. The Model S cars are built and tested in Fremont, California, and then, the battery pack, the electric motor and parts disassembled and shipped separately to Tilburg, where the cars are assembled back.[35]
The Model S was officially launched at the Fremont factory on June 22, 2012. Ten customers received their cars at the event, and Tesla reaffirmed their goal to build 5,000 cars in 2012. After the first four weeks of production, Tesla announced it had manufactured their 100th production Model S, of which 74 were for customers. The other 26 were being used for test drives, displays, testing, and training.[36]
On September 13, 2012 in an interview Musk indicated the production rate was up to 80 cars per week,[37] and by November 5, Tesla announced it had reached a production rate of over 200 cars per week.[38] By the end of 2012 Tesla revised their deliveries down to 2,500 cars, with 20,000 planned for 2013.[39] By December 2012, Tesla reported that production had reached 400 units per week or 20,000 per year.[40][41] In March 2013 Tesla reported they produced on average more than 500 Model S EVs per week.[42]
Specifications
Powertrain
thumb The 2012 Tesla Model S Performance model has a 416 hp(310 kW) and 443 ft·lb(600 N·m) rear-mounted 電動機. The base model uses a 362 hp(270 kW) and 325 ft·lb(440 N·m) motor. According to Tesla Motors the electric car has a drag coefficient ofTemplate:Cd,[43] the lowest of any car in the market, except some models of the Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class released following the Model S.[1][44] Under its five-cycle testing, the 美國國家環境保護局 rated the 85 千瓦·時 Model S model with a combined fuel economy equivalent of 89 MPGe (2.64 L/100 km), with an equivalent 88 mi/US gal(2.7 L/100 km;106 mi/imp gal) in city driving and 90 mi/US gal(2.6 L/100 km;110 mi/imp gal) on highways.[6]
The following table shows the EPA's official ratings for fuel economy in miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (MPGe) and EPA's estimated out-of-pocket fuel costs for the two versions of the Model S rated by December 2012 as displayed in the Monroney label.
2012-13 Tesla Model S fuel economy and operating costs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Model year |
EPA rated Combined fuel economy |
EPA rated City fuel economy |
EPA rated Highway fuel economy |
Cost to drive 25 miles |
Annual Fuel Cost(1) (15,000 mi) |
Tesla Model S (60 kWh battery)[45] |
2013 | 95 MPGe (35 kWh/100 mi) |
94 MPGe | 97 MPGe | $1.05 | $650 |
Tesla Model S (85 kWh battery)[46] |
2012–13 | 89 MPGe (38 kWh/100 mi) |
88 MPGe (38 kWh/100 mi) |
90 MPGe (37 kWh/100 mi) |
$1.14 | $700 |
Notes: (1) Based on 45% highway and 55% city driving. Values rounded to the nearest 50美元. Electricity cost of 0.12美元/kWh, as of November 30, 2012). 1 gal. gasoline = 33.7 kWh. |
The Model S Signature model with a 85 kWh pack rated by EPA has a top speed of 125 mph(201 km/h) and accelerates from0至60英里每小時(0至97 km/h) in 5.6 seconds.[6] The Model S Signature Performance model has a top speed of130 mph(210 km/h) and accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 4.2 seconds, while the base 60 kW·h battery model has a top speed of120 mph(190 km/h) and accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 5.9 seconds.[47]
Battery
The Model S is offered with two battery packs: a base model with a 60 kW·h battery expected to deliver 230英里(370公里) and a 85 kW·h battery expected to deliver, according to Consumer Reports, 320英里(510公里). These are Tesla Motors estimated ranges at a speed of 55 mph(89 km/h).[47] The EPA official range for the 60 kW·h battery pack model is208 mi(335 km).[9] The official range for the model with the 85 kW·h battery is 265英里(426 km).[6][48]
In December 2012, Tesla released a software update that among other improvements, features new energy-saving "sleep" functionality. The software allows Model S owners to choose between keeping the displays and vehicle electronics instantly available each time you turn on the car, or powering off the display and vehicle electronics each time you exit through a "sleep" state. The latter implies a modest increase in the time it takes the touchscreen and instrument panel to wake from this energy-saving state. Using the sleep mode can increase the Model S range up to 8 mi(13 km) per day.[50]
The 鋰離子電池 consists of more than 7,000 battery cells for the 85 kW·h pack.[51] The battery pack, 截至2012年6月[update], used Panasonic cells with nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathodes.[1] The battery pack location underneath the cabin floor provides the Model S with a very low center of gravity.[52]
The Model S battery is guaranteed by Tesla Motors for eight years or 125,000 mi(201,000 km) for the base model with the 60 kW·h battery pack. All models with the 85 kW·h battery pack are guaranteed for eight years and unlimited miles.[53]
A battery replacement option may be purchased for a cost of 10,000美元 for the 60 kWh battery and 12,000美元 for the 85 kWh battery and will provide a replacement battery anytime after the 8th year of operation of the original battery.[54]
In 2013, Tesla canceled a 40 kW·h version of the car due to lack of demand, stating that only 4% of pre-orders were for the 40 kWh battery option. The customers who ordered this option have instead received the 60 kWh pack, but range is software limited to 40 kWh (142 miles of rated range). It will still have the improved acceleration and top speed of the bigger pack, so will be a better product than originally ordered, and can be upgraded to the range of the 60 kWh upon request by the original or a future owner for 11,000美元.[55]
Charging
thumb The charger for the Tesla Model S, unlike the Tesla Roadster, is integral to the vehicle, providing 10 kW 110/240-volt charging standard. An optional 1,500美元 upgrade will support 20 kW charging from a 100 Amp wall-mounted charger (High Power Wall Connector).[1] Instead of a power port that opens like a gasoline cap, like other electric cars in the market, the Model S charge port is hidden behind the left rear taillight. The port is circled in 發光二極管 lights that indicate how much the battery is charged by how rapidly the lights blink.[52]Tesla uses a proprietary 電子連接器 or socket that is smaller than the SAE J1772 North American standard, but adapters are provided for 110 and 240 volt outlets, and for public charging stations (J1772 spec adapter). Additional adapters are available for purchase. The carmaker has deployed several90 kW 250 amp, 400 V[56] Tesla Supercharger units between key cities to allow fast charging on road trips with plans to build more.[57] A Supercharger can add 150英里(240公里) of range in 30 minutes and a full charge in approximately one hour with an85 kWh battery.[1][58] In 2013 Tesla made Supercharging free of charge for all 85 kWh Tesla Model S's and as an extra cost option for 60 kWh models.
Charging times vary depending on the battery pack's state-of-charge, its overall capacity, the available voltage, and the available circuit breaker amp rating (current). From a 110 V/12 A outlet, the range can be restored by 5英里(8公里) for every hour of charging. From a 10 kW,NEMA 14-50 240 V/40 A outlet (like those used by 露營車), the range can be restored by 31英里(50公里) for every hour of charging. Using Tesla's 20 kW, 240 V High Power Wall Connector, the range can be restored by 62英里(100公里) for every hour of charging if the car is configured with twin chargers (20 kW). The roadside Tesla Superchargers can charge about half the battery in 30 minutes, providing up to150英里(240公里) worth of range into the models configured with the 85 千瓦·時 battery packs.[58] Supercharging hardware is included in all models with the 85 kW·h battery pack, including both Signature limited edition models, the Performance model, and the base model with 85 kW·h). Supercharging hardware is also available in the base model with the 60 kW·h battery as an extra option that can be enabled at any point since the hardware will be present in all vehicles and will only require a software change.[53][58][59]
Instrument Panel and Touchscreen
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tesla_Model_S_digital_panels.jpg/220px-Tesla_Model_S_digital_panels.jpg)
The primary Instrumental Panel is a 12.3英寸(31 cm) LCD display which indicates speed, power usage, charge level, estimated range and active gear. The gearbox can be set to Drive, Neutral, Reverse and Park. The vehicle does not have a transmission, only a single speed fixed gear with a 9.73:1 reduction ratio.
The secondary infotainment control touchscreen is a 17英寸(43 cm) multi-touch panel divided into 4 areas. A top line displays status symbols and provides shortcuts to Charging, HomeLink, Driver Profiles, vehicle information (software version and the VIN), and 藍牙. The second line provides access to several Apps including Media, Nav (driven by Google地圖), Energy, Web, Camera, and Phone. The central main viewing area changes depending on the app chosen and typically displays two apps at a time, divided into an upper and lower area, although most apps can be expanded to take up the entire main viewing area. The bottom area provides access to Controls (which allows you to access various controls and settings for the vehicle (such as doors, locks, lights, etc.) as well as Climate controls and a secondary volume control for the passenger (primary media volume is provided for the driver in the steering wheel).
Both the instrument cluster and the center infotainment panel are driven by their own separate 英偉達 NVIDIA Tegra 3D Visual Computing Module (VCM).[60] Tesla was the first company to ship this technology although 奧迪 has announced is also using this technology in the 2013 model year in Europe and expects to bring it to North America in 2014.[61] The Tegra system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrates eight specialized processors, including a multi-core ARM CPU, a GPU, and dedicated audio, video, and image processors. Nvidia claims it consumes 50 times less energy than the typical CPU.[62]
The Tegra VCM's can be rebooted individually through the steering wheel. Holding both the left and right upper control buttons on the steering wheel down concurrently for 15 seconds reboots the instrument cluster. Holding both the left and right scroll/click wheels down concurrently for 15 seconds reboots the center information panel.
Options
The following table lists the main features of the different models offered:
Standard | Performance | ||
---|---|---|---|
60 kW·h | 85 kW·h | ||
Range | 230 mi (370 km) (Tesla Motors) 208 mi (335 km) (EPA) |
300 mi (480 km) (Tesla Motors) 265 mi (426 km) (EPA) | |
Max. power | 225 kW (302 hp) @ 5000-8000 rpm |
270 kW (362 hp) @ 6000-9500 rpm |
310 kW (416 hp) @ 5000-8600 rpm |
Max. torque | 317 lb·ft (430 N·m) @ 0-5000 rpm |
325 lb·ft (440 N·m) @ 0-5800 rpm |
443 lb·ft (600 N·m) @ 0-5100 rpm |
0-60 mph (0–97 km/h) |
5.9 sec | 5.4 sec | 4.2 sec |
Top speed | 120 mph/193 km/h | 125 mph/200 km/h | 130 mph/210 km/h |
Supercharging | Optional1 (2,000美元) | Included | |
Note: 1 After purchase, Supercharging can be enabled via a software update for 2,500美元. |
thumb All versions of the Model S seat five passengers, and there is an optional folding third row for 1,500美元 that becomes a rear-facing two-place child seat. The option includes strengthening of the rear bumper to safety levels necessary for passengers. Each seat has a racing-style five-point harness and must only be used for children over 37英寸(0.94米) tall and weighing between 35至77磅(16至35公斤). When the seats are in use the Model S still has luggage space available under the front hood (which Tesla called a "frunk," which is a combination of "front" and "trunk.") The optional third row makes the Model S the electric car with the greatest passenger capacity.[63]
Supercharger network
In 2012, Tesla Motors began building a network of 480-volt fast charging Supercharger stations in order to facilitate the Model S sedans to make long distance trips. In June 2013 Tesla announced that all existing stations in the supercharger network, and all new stations, would becomeTesla stations, and have facilities to support under-two-minute battery pack swaps for the Tesla Model S, and for all future Tesla models.
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Charging_Tesla_Model_S_01.jpg/220px-Charging_Tesla_Model_S_01.jpg)
The initial network is planned to be available in high traffic corridors across North America. The company also plans to deploy Supercharger networks in Europe and Asia in the second half of 2013. The first Supercharger corridor in the U.S. opened with free access for its Model S owners in October 2012. This corridor includes six stations placed along routes connecting 三藩市, 太浩湖, 洛杉磯 and 拉斯維加斯.[64][65] A second corridor was opened in December 2012 along the 波士頓-華盛頓城市帶, connecting 華盛頓哥倫比亞特區, 紐約, and 波士頓; it includes three stations located in highway rest areas in 特拉華州 and康乃狄克州.[66] 截至2013年8月[update] there were 19 stations operating in the United States.[67] The first set Supercharger stations in Europe opened to the public in Norway in August 2013.[68]
The Supercharger is a proprietary DC rapid-charging station that provides almost 100 kW of power, giving the 85 kWh version of the Model S an additional150 mi(240 km) of range in about 30 minutes (note that the Supercharger will not charge the battery fully in 1 hour due to limitations in lithium ion battery technology). The electricity used by the Supercharger in the West Coast corridor comes from a solar carport system provided bySolarCity, and eventually, all of the Supercharger stations will be supplied by solar power. The Tesla Supercharger network is exclusive to appropriately equipped Model S sedans, which are engineered to accept Tesla's specific form of rapid electricity transfer. Supercharging hardware is standard on Model S vehicles equipped with an 85 kWh battery and optional on Model S vehicles equipped with a 60 kWh battery. The Tesla Roadster is not equipped to charge from the Superchargers, but according to the automaker, all future Tesla models will be able to supercharge.[64][65][66] According to Elon Musk, "...we expect all of the United States to be covered by the end of next year [2013]" and he also said that Tesla owners' use of the network would be free forever.[69]
Battery swapping
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tesla_charging_station_with_solar_collector_trimmed.jpeg/300px-Tesla_charging_station_with_solar_collector_trimmed.jpeg)
Tesla designed its Model S to allow fast battery swapping, and this feature has facilitated the assembling process.[70] In June 2013, Tesla announced their goal to deploy a battery swapping station in each of its Supercharging stations. At a demonstration event Tesla showed that a battery swap operation with the Model S takes just over 90 seconds, about half the time it takes to refill a gasoline-powered car used for comparison purposes during the event.[71][72]
The first stations are planned to be deployed along Interstate 5 in California where, according to Tesla, a large number of Model S sedans make the San Francisco-Los Angeles trip regularly. These will be followed by the 華盛頓哥倫比亞特區 to 波士頓 corridor. Each swapping station will cost 500,000美元 and will have about 50 batteries available without requiring reservations. The service would be offered for the price of about 15美制加侖(57公升;12英制加侖) of gasoline at the current local rate, around 60美元 to 80美元 at June 2013 prices. Owners can pick up their battery pack fully charged on the return trip, which is included in the swap fee. Tesla will also offer the option to keep the pack received on the swap and paying the price difference if the battery received is newer; or to receive the original pack back from Tesla for a transport fee. Pricing has not been determined.[71]
Vehicle warranty and maintenance
The Model S is covered by a standard 4-year, 50,000 mi(80,000 km) limited warranty,[73] which includes all standard equipment, the transmission and the complete powertrain (excluding tires).[74] The warranty can optionally be extended an additional 4 years or 50,000英里(80,000公里) beyond the original terms for4,000美元.[74] Warranty coverage includes a complementary loaner car—a fully loaded Tesla Model S Performance 85 or Tesla Roadster—when service is required.[75] In April, 2013, Tesla announced that a previously-mandatory 600美元 annual vehicle inspection and maintenance fee would be made optional, and would not be required to maintain warranty coverage.[75] If elected, the fee covers a complete inspection, tire alignment, new brake pads, hardware upgrades, and miscellaneous other maintenance items as needed.
The battery is covered for eight years or 125,000 mi(201,000 km) for the 60 kW·h base model, or eight years and unlimited miles for all 85 kW·h models.[53] The unconditional battery warranty is very broad and covers everything except deliberate damage, even including cases of user error.[76]
Sales and markets
Tesla Motors reported 520 reservations for the Model S during the first week after the carmaker began accepting deposits online and at showrooms in California on March 26, 2009.[77] The very first Model S was reserved for Tesla investor Steve Jurvetson. Tesla required a 5,000美元 deposit for a regular Model S and a 40,000美元 deposit for the Signature Series Model S.[78] By mid December 2010, Tesla announced that the reservation count had passed 3,000,[79] 6,500 by November 2011,[80] and 13,200 by September 2012.[81][82] 截至2012年12月31日[update], there were over 15,000 net reservations after deliveries and cancellations are accounted for.[83]
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tesla_Model_S_first_deliveries.jpg/220px-Tesla_Model_S_first_deliveries.jpg)
The special edition Model S Signature model was sold out even before deliveries began in June 2012, and according to Tesla Motors the electric sedan is sold out through 2012. A car ordered in May 2012 would be delivered in early to mid-2013.[84][85] Tesla Motors initially expected to sell at least 5,000 units in 2012 and set a sales target of 20,000 units for 2013.[81][86] In April 2013, Tesla increased its 2013 sales target to 21,000 units.[15] Tesla expects global sales of 30,000 units in 2014, with 15,000 units in the United States, 10,000 units in Europe and 5,000 in Asia.[87]
By August 2012 the carmaker was manufacturing 3 to 4 cars a day[36] and production capacity was ramped up to 200 units a week by early November 2012.[88][89] The target production rate of 400 cars per week or 20,000 per year was achieved in December 2012, and more than 3,100 vehicles were produced during 2012.[90] A total of 2,650 cars were delivered to retail customers in North America during 2012, 4,900 during the first quarter of 2013, and 5,150 during the second quarter of 2013.[14][15][40] During the second quarter of 2013 the production rate improved from 400 to almost 500 vehicles per week. Deliveries in Europe began in early August 2013, and the first deliveries took place in Norway, Switzerland and the Netherlands.[5]
Deliveries of the model with 60 kW·h battery pack were initially slated for November and December 2012 respectively. In December 2012, Tesla announced that production of the 60 kW·h battery model was rescheduled to begin in January 2013, with deliveries in the United States beginning by January-early February 2013.[91]
North America
- Canada
A total of 100 Model S were delivered in Canada during 2012,[92] and an additional 342 units during the first six months of 2013.[93]
- United States
thumb The first delivery took place on June 1, 2012, to the first person to place an order, Tesla investor Steve Jurvetson.[94] Deliveries for retail customers in the United States started on June 22, at a special event held at the Tesla Factory in 費利蒙 (加利福尼亞州).[4] By September 2012, 359 units had been produced with 253 of those delivered to retail customers.[89] A total of about 2,650 units were sold during 2012.[83] In March 2013, Tesla reported the delivery of the 3,000th Model S in California, representing around 50% of Model S sales in the U.S. to that date.[95][96] During the first quarter of 2013 the Model S ranked as the top selling 充電式電動車輛 in the U.S. with about 4,900 units delivered, followed by the 雪佛蘭沃藍達 with 4,244 units.[15][97][98] Cumulative sales reached 12,700 units through June 2013, including units delivered in Canada.[14]
The first 1,000 production units correspond to the Signature and Signature Performance limited edition equipped with a 85 kW·h battery pack. The Model S Signature model starts at 95,400美元 and the Signature Performance at 105,400美元.[13] The base Model S with the 40 kW·h battery pack, before being cancelled, was priced starting at 57,400美元, the model with the 60 kW·h pack increases 10,000美元 and the base model with the 85 kW·h pack increases another 10,000美元. These prices are before any applicable U.S. federal and local government tax credits and incentives.[53]
On November 29, 2012, Tesla announced an all model price increase of 2,500美元 for new reservations, starting January 1, 2013. The company also released pricing for a replacement battery pack pre-paid option. The price of a 60 kWh pack is 10,000美元 and the 85 kWh pack costs 12,000美元.[99]
It is illegal to sell the Tesla Model S in 德克薩斯州 because the state bans carmakers from selling directly to customers. As of August 2013, similar legislation was pending in 北卡羅來納州, 科羅拉多州, and 弗吉尼亞州.[100]
Europe
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tesla_Model_S_delivery_to_H%C3%B8yres_Nikolai_Astrup_in_Norway.jpg/220px-Tesla_Model_S_delivery_to_H%C3%B8yres_Nikolai_Astrup_in_Norway.jpg)
Retail deliveries began in Europe in early August 2013, and the first deliveries took place in Norway, Switzerland and the Netherlands.[5] 截至2013年9月30日[update], almost 1,300 units have been delivered, and the Model S ranked as the second best selling plug-in electric car in Europe during September 2013 after the Nissan Leaf.[101] The right-hand-drive model destined for the UK and Asia is scheduled to be released at the end of 2013.[83][102][103]
American and European standard equipment and options packages are the same. In most countries where the Model S is sold base prices for the 60 kWh start at€72,600 (around 95,800美元), and €83,150 (about 109,700美元) for the 85 kWh battery car. The 85 kWh Performance, Signature, and Signature Performance trim levels are listed at €97,550 (around 128,700美元), €101,400 (about 133,800美元), and €110,950 (around146,400美元) respectively. European prices are higher compared to U.S. prices. Tesla explained that exchange rates, the 增值稅 (VAT), plus a slight price increase to account for transport costs, import duties and other costs relevant to individual European countries explains the large price difference between European and U.S. pricing. Tesla also offered a deduction of €1,700 (around 2,250美元) to buyers who already hold a Model S reservation in Europe, or planned to do so by the end of December 2012. Buyers needed to finalize their order within four weeks of receiving their "Invitation to Configure" from Tesla.[104][105]
- Denmark
A total of 43 units have registered in the country since August 2013. During its first full month in the Danish market, the Model S was the top selling electric vehicle with 42 units sold.[106][107]
- France
Model S deliveries to retail customers started on September 23, 2013. A total of 12 units were delivered during September 2013.[108][109]
- Germany
In October 2013 Tesla announced that Model S customers in Germany would be offered a free optional high speed tuning to optimize the Model S for driving on the德國高速公路. In addition, the company announced that by November 2013 the first Supercharger stations will open in the corridors between Munich and Stuttgart, Munich and Zurich, Switzerland, and Cologne and Frankfurt. Tesla Motors plans to cover more than 50% of Germany by the end of March 2014, and 100% by the end of 2014, making Germany the country with the most Superchargers per capita in the world. Also, all Supercharger stations deployed in Germany will be power upgraded to 135 瓦特 to deliver faster charging for long distance travel.[110] Cumulative registrations in the country totaled 98 units through September 2013.[111]
- Netherlands
The first deliveries in the country occurred on August 22, 2013, at Tesla's European Distribution Center in 蒂爾堡.[35] 截至2013年9月30日[update], a total of 177 Model S cars have been registered in the Netherlands since July 2013.[112][113] Of these, 170 were delivered in September 2013, the first full month the electric car was available for retail customers in the country.[113]
- Norway
The first delivery of a Model S to a retail customer in Europe took place in 奧斯陸 on 7 August 2013.[114] Tesla expects to deliver almost 800 Model S units during 2013 based on current orders.[5] By the end of August 2013, six Supercharger stations were opened, the first in Europe, with a total capacity of 46 charging spots. The stations are located in 靈達爾, 艾於蘭, 杜姆奧斯, Gol, Sundebru, and利勒哈默爾, providing coverage to the most commonly used Norwegian roads and highways.[68]
截至2013年7月31日[update], a total of 7 Model S new units and one used import had been registered in Norway.[115][116] During its first month in the Norwegian market, a total of 186 units were delivered to retail customers, allowing the Model S to rank as the second most sold electric car in August 2013 behind the Nissan Leaf (448 units).[117] Model S sales together with record Leaf sales, allowed the electric car segment in Norway to reach its best monthly sales ever and a record 6.0% market share of new passenger car sales in August 2013, up from 3.6% in August 2012.[117][118]
Sales surged in September 2013, with a total of 616 units delivered, making the Tesla Model S the top selling car in Norway during this month, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the new cars sold in the country during this month, and contributed to a record 8.6% market share for all-electric car sales during September.[16][17][18] According to a spokesman from the Norwegian Road Federation (OFV), the peak in Model S registrations "may be a short-lived phenomenon, caused by the grouping together of deliveries made over several months."[119] According to 路透社, the demand for the Model S is so high that there is a five-month waiting list, and as a result of the shortage, a used market has appeared. Some Norwegians are willing to pay as much as 10,000美元 to 20,000美元 premium to buy a used Model S from existing owners.[120][121] Model S sales dropped to 98 units in October.[122] 截至2013年10月[update], a total of 907 new Model S cars and one used import have been registered in Norway.[16][117][122][115][116]
- Switzerland
Retail deliveries began in August 2013,[5] and a total of 111 units have registered in the country since July 2013.[123]
安全性
NHTSA ratings
Overall: | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Frontal Driver: | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Frontal Passenger: | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Side Driver: | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Side Passenger: | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Side Pole Driver: | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Rollover: | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Crash and fire
A Tesla Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit metal debris on a highway in 肯特 (華盛頓州) state on October 1, 2013.[125] According to the driver, he hit something while traveling in the 高乘載車道 of Washington State Route 167, and exited because the car was running poorly, and flames began coming out of the front of the car at the end of the off-ramp. The fire was caught on video by a witness and posted on several 網站.[125][126] According to the Kent Fire Department incident report, initial attempts to extinguish the fire with water were unsuccessful, as the fire reignited underneath the vehicle after appearing to be extinguished. Then, the firefighters used a jack to turn the car on its side, and cut a hole to apply water directly to the burning battery.[127] 特斯拉汽車 confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and it was caused by the "direct impact of a large metallic object to one of the 16 modules within the Model S battery pack." The company spokeswoman said that, "Because each module within the battery pack is, by design, isolated by fire barriers to limit any potential damage, the fire in the battery pack was contained to a small section in the front of the vehicle."[125] Tesla also explained that the car owner "was able to exit the highway as instructed by the onboard alert system, bring the car to a stop and depart the vehicle without injury."[128]
Tesla's 行政總裁 伊隆·馬斯克 issued an official statement on October 4, 2013. The statement explained that the culprit appears to be a curved section that fell off a semi-trailer which was recovered from the roadway near where the accident occurred. "The geometry of the object caused a powerful lever action as it went under the car, punching upward and impaling the Model S with a peak force on the order of 25 tons. Only a force of this magnitude would be strong enough to punch a 3 inch diameter hole through the quarter inch armor plate protecting the base of the vehicle." After the driver exited the car, "a fire caused by the impact began in the front battery module – the battery pack has a total of 16 modules – but was contained to the front section of the car by internal firewalls within the pack. Vents built into the battery pack directed the flames down towards the road and away from the vehicle" and the statement noted that "at no point did fire enter the passenger compartment." According to Tesla, the firefighters observed standard procedure, and gained access to the source of the fire by puncturing holes in the top of the battery's protective metal plate and applying water. However, the company noted that it was not correct to puncture the metal firewall, "as the newly created holes allowed the flames to then vent upwards into the front trunk section of the Model S. Nonetheless, a combination of water followed by dry chemical extinguisher quickly brought the fire to an end."[128]
Musk closed the official statement explaining that the result of this accident could have been "far worse" had a conventional gasoline-powered car encountered the same object on the highway, because the "typical gasoline car only has a thin metal sheet protecting the underbody, leaving it vulnerable to destruction of the fuel supply lines or fuel tank, which causes a pool of gasoline to form and often burn the entire car to the ground." He also noted that Tesla's battery pack "is only about 10% of the energy contained in a gasoline tank and is divided into 16 modules with firewalls in between. As a consequence, the effective combustion potential is only about 1% that of the fuel in a comparable gasoline sedan." And based on U.S. statistics from the 美國消防協會, he claimed that a driver is "5 times more likely to experience a fire in a conventional gasoline car than a Tesla.[128]
The U.S. 美國國家公路交通安全管理局 (NHTSA) was not able to send investigators to the scene of the incident due to the U.S federal government shutdown.[127] After the agency reopened, the NHTSA began gathering data of the incident.[129] On 24 October 2013, the agency announced it will not open a formal investigation into the Model S fire incident. The announcement said that "After reviewing all available data, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has not found evidence at this time that would indicate the recent battery fire involving a Tesla Model S was the result of a vehicle safety defect or noncompliance with federal safety standards. The agency continually reviews incoming and prior consumer vehicle complaints, as well as other data to identify potential vehicle defect trends and takes appropriate action as necessary."[130]
Recognition
- Time Magazine Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award.[135]
- Green Car Reports' Best Car To Buy 2013[138]
- 2013 AutoGuide.com Reader's Choice Car of the Year[139]
- Consumer Reports rated the Model S with a score of 99 out of 100, becoming the magazine's best car ever tested. The score would have been higher but for the fact that the all-electric car does need to stop and recharge during extremely long-distance drives. "If it could recharge in any gas station in three minutes, this car would score about 110," said Jake Fisher, head of auto testing for Consumer Reports. Fisher called the car's performance in the magazine's performance tests "off the charts."[141][142]
Controversies
The New York Times article
On 8 February 2013, the 紐約時報 published a review, written by John M. Broder, about the real possibility of a Tesla Model S making a trip between Washington, D.C. and Boston using Tesla's Supercharger network, which only has two stations in the East Coast. In this review Broder made a variety of negative claims about the limitations of batteries during cold weather, and the separation between Tesla's charging stations, that resulted in finishing the trip with the Model S carried by a flatbed truck to the Milford station in Connecticut.[143]
Tesla Motors CEO Elon Musk responded in a blog on Tesla's website, publishing logs of the charge levels and driving speed that contradicted Broder's account on several factual details.[144] Musk implied that Broder's behaviour in charging and driving the car forced the car to fail. Broder replied to Musk's criticism in a blog post and suggested that the speed discrepancies, pointed out by Musk, may have been caused by car being delivered with 19 inch wheels rather than the specified 21 inch wheels.[145] In the middle of the controversy, a reporter from CNN recreated Broder's trip, and he was able to make it with battery capacity still left. However, there were two key differences with CNN's test from the one from the New York Times. The weather was about10 °F(6 °C) warmer, and the reporter did the trip in one day; the reviewer from the Times split it into two, letting the car sit overnight without being plugged in.[146] A reporter from CNBC also recreated the trip in one day without incidents.[147] One week later, a group of Tesla owners recreated Broder's trip without problems. Only one car was delayed because his car stopped charging and wouldn't fill up, and had to wait an hour for two special 韌體 updates.[148][149]
On February 18, 2013, New York Times Public Editor Margaret Sullivan published an editorial stating that Broder took "casual and imprecise notes" of his test drive and did not use good judgment, but she maintained that the article was done in good faith. She also noted that vehicle data logs reproduced by Musk on Tesla's website were "sometimes quite misleading."[150][151] On February 22 the New York Times published a comprehensive chronology of the controversy including diverse points of view, in favor of and against Broder's review.[152]
NHTSA safest car
On August 19, 2013, and based on the U.S. 美國國家公路交通安全管理局 (NHTSA) safety ratings for the Model S, Tesla Motors published a press release claiming that the Model S achieved the best safety rating of any car ever tested. Tesla argued that "NHTSA does not publish a star rating above 5, however safety levels better than 5 stars are captured in the overall Vehicle Safety Score (VSS) provided to manufacturers, where the Model S achieved a new combined record of 5.4 stars."[153] Tesla's claim was widely reported by the main media.[154][155][156][157] However, a few days later the NHTSA released a statement rebutting Tesla's claim, explaining that a 5-star rating for the Model S is equal to any other car with a rating of 5-stars, and explained that the carmaker did not follow its advertising guidelines. The agency also said it "does not rate vehicles beyond 5 stars and does not rank or order vehicles within the star rating categories."[158][159][160]
產品規格
動力總成
2012年款特斯拉S型高性能型具有416馬力(310千瓦)和443英尺·磅(600 N·M),後置式電動馬達。基本型採用了362馬力(270千瓦)和325英尺·磅(440 N·m)電機。據特斯拉汽車公司稱該款電動汽車的風阻係數為0.24[43],比當時市面上的任何一款車都低(除了一些在S型之後發佈的梅賽德斯-奔馳CLA級車)[1][161]。
經由5個輪迴的測試,美國國家環境保護局評定 85 千瓦·時 規格 S 型的綜合燃油效率相當於 89 MPGe(2.64 L/100 km),亦即在市區道路駕駛時為88 mi/US gal(2.7 L/100 km;106 mi/imp gal),而在高速公路駕駛時為 90 mi/US gal(2.6 L/100 km;110 mi/imp gal)。[6]
下表顯示了環保局每英里加侖汽油當量燃油經濟性的官方評級(MPGE)。
2012-13年特斯拉S型燃油經濟性和運營成本 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
型號 | 型式年份 | EPA綜合 燃油經濟性 |
EPA城市 燃油經濟性 |
EPA高速 燃油經濟性 |
Cost to drive 25 miles |
每年的燃料成本(1) (15,000 mi) |
特斯拉S型 (60kWh電池版本)[162] |
2013 | 95 MPGe (35 kWh/100 mi) |
94 MPGe | 97 MPGe | $1.05 | $650 |
特斯拉S型 (85kWh電池版本)[163] |
2012–13 | 89 MPGe (38 kWh/100 mi) |
88 MPGe (38 kWh/100 mi) |
90 MPGe (37 kWh/100 mi) |
$1.14 | $700 |
Notes: (1) Based on 45% highway and 55% city driving. Values rounded to the nearest $50. Electricity cost of 0.12美元/kWh, as of November 30, 2012). 1 gal. gasoline = 33.7 kWh.
|
事故
參見
- 特斯拉汽車
- 純電動車
- Electric car use by country
- Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
- List of electric cars currently available
- List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
- List of production battery electric vehicles
- Revenge of the Electric Car
- Tesla Model X
- 特斯拉汽車
- Tesla Roadster
參考來源
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Frank Markus. 2012 Tesla Model S First Drive. Motor Trend. 2012-06-22 [2012-06-22].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Model S Specs and Standard features. Tesla Motors. [2013-08-08].
- ^ Model S Optionen und Preis [Model S options and Price]. Germany: Tesla Motors. [2013-08-08] (German).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 John Boudreau. In a Silicon Valley milestone, Tesla Motors begins delivering Model S electric cars. 聖荷西信使報. 2012-06-22 [2012-06-22].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 特斯拉汽車. Tesla Motors, Inc. – Second Quarter 2013 Shareholder Letter (PDF). Tesla Motors. 2013-08-07 [2013-08-07].
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 EPA rating for 85 kWh Tesla Model S: 89 MPGe, 265-mile range. Green Car Congress. 2012-06-21 [2012-06-21].
- ^ John Voelcker. 2012 Tesla Model S: EPA Range Of 265 Miles, 89 MPGe Efficiency. Green Car Reports. 2012-06-20 [2012-06-21].
- ^ Sebastian Blanco. Tesla Model S officially rated at 89 MPGe with 265-mile range. Autoblog Green. 2012-06-20 [2012-06-21].
- ^ 9.0 9.1 John Voelcker. Tesla Model S 60-kWh Version: EPA Range Rated At 208 Miles. Green Car Reports. 2012-12-07 [2012-12-07].
- ^ 美國國家環境保護局 and 美國能源部. Compare side-by-side: 2012 Tesla Model S. Fueleconomy.gov. 2012-06-21 [2012-06-21].
- ^ Jose Pagliery. Tesla Expects Its First Ever Profit. CNN. 2013-04-01 [2013-04-01].
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Wayne Cunningham. Tesla in 2 Minutes. Cent. 2012-01-30 [2012-02-11]. 引用錯誤:帶有name屬性「NYT050611」的
<ref>
標籤用不同內容定義了多次 - ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Antony Ingram. Want A 2013 Tesla Model S Signature Edition? Too Late, They're All Gone. Green Cars Reports. 2012-06-04 [2012-06-21].
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Jeff Cobb. Tesla Announces Q2 Financial Results. HybridCars.com. 2013-08-07 [2013-08-07].
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Alan Ohnsman. Tesla Posts First Quarterly Profit on Model S Deliveries. 彭博新聞社. 2013-05-08 [2013-05-08]. During Q1 2013 a total of 4,900 Model S cars were delivered in North America (mostly in the U.S. and a few units delivered in Canada). Volt and Leaf sales correspond to the U.S. and Canada combined.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Grønn bil. Norges mest solgte bil i september er en elbil [Norway's best selling car in September is an electric vehicle]. Grønn bil. 2013-10-01 [2013-10-02] (挪威語).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Mat Gasnier. Norway September 2013: Tesla Model S in pole position!. Best Selling Cars Blog. 2013-10-02 [2013-10-02].
- ^ 18.0 18.1 John Voelcker. Tesla Model S Was Best-Selling Car In Norway For September. Green Car Reports. 2013-10-01 [2013-10-02].
- ^ Wert, Ray. Darryl Siry responds to rumor on Jalopnik forum. Jalopnik.com. 2007-02-20 [2010-11-27].
- ^ Brian Lam. Tesla Whitestar Electric Sedan: 4 Doors, Half the Price of the Roadster. Gizmodo. 2007-02-19 [2012-05-06].
- ^ Merritt Johnson. Tesla Whitestar to be offered as both an EV and a REV. CNET News. 2008-02-04 [2012-05-06].
- ^ Samuel Abuelsamid. Super-secret photo of Tesla Whitestar leaks out of San Carlos. Autoblog Green. 2008-06-12 [2013-10-08].
- ^ Michael Graham Richard. Tesla's Next Electric Car to be Called "Model S", New Factory to Open in North California. TreeHugger.com. 2008-06-30 [2012-05-06].
- ^ Monticello, Mike. Tesla Builds a 4-Door - New and Future Cars. Road & Track (Hachette Filipacchi Media, U.S., Inc.). 2008-10-23 [2011-05-04].
- ^ Tesla debuts electric car for the masses. CBC News. 2009-03-27 [2009-03-28].
- ^ Kanellos, Michael. Tesla to make gas-electric car. News.com. 2008-02-01 [2010-11-27].
- ^ Tesla Kills Its Gas-Electric Hybrid. Greenlight.greentechmedia.com. 2008-09-18 [2010-11-27].
- ^ Severns, Dave. Tesla Motors blog post regarding Albuquerque decision. Teslamotors.com. [2010-11-27].
- ^ Tesla Motors press release - announcement of Albuquerque plant. Teslamotors.com. [2010-11-27].
- ^ The Albuquerque Tribune Editorial: Don't hold your breath on Tesla Motors plant. Abqtrib.com. [2010-11-27].
- ^ Tesla to build electric car factory in Bay Area - San Jose Mercury News. Mercurynews.com. [2010-11-27].
- ^ Tesla Wants NUMMI Operational By 2012. Ktvu.com. 2010-05-20 [2010-11-27].
- ^ by Martin LaMonica. When Dave met Elon...and his Tesla Model S | Green Tech - CNET News. News.cnet.com. [2009-08-01].
- ^ Danny King. Tesla will assemble, distribute vehicles in Holland for European market. Autoblog Green. 2012-12-13 [2012-12-23].
- ^ 35.0 35.1 Michiel Willebrands. Tesla opent assemblagecentrum in Tilburg [Tesla opens assembly center in Tilburg]. Auto Week Netherlands. 2013-08-22 [2013-10-07] (Dutch).
- ^ 36.0 36.1 Blankenship, George. Inside Tesla. Tesla Motors. 2012-08-21 [2012-08-24].
- ^ Musk, Elon. Musk: Tesla Model S production up to 'around 80 cars' per week *UPDATE. AutoBlog. 2012-09-19 [2012-09-23].
- ^ Tesla Motors. Tesla Motors, Inc. - Third Quarter 2012 Shareholder Letter. Tesla Motors. 2012-11-05 [2012-12-01].
- ^ Make Way for Kilowatts: A Growing-Up Year for Plug-Ins. New York Times. 2012-12-21 [2012-12-24].
- ^ 40.0 40.1 Domenick Yoney. Tesla delivered 2,650 Model S EVs last year, Musk confident of profit in Q1 and beyond. Autoblog Green. 2013-02-20 [2013-03-10]. Around 2,650 Model S cars were delivered in the U.S. during 2012.
- ^ Michael Graham Richard. Tesla Reaches 20,000 Unit Production Rate Annually for Model S. treehugger.com. 2013-01-30 [2013-02-05].
- ^ Inside Tesla 03.21.13. Tesla Motors. 2012-03-23 [2013-03-21].
- ^ 43.0 43.1 Tesla Model S first drive. cnet.com. [2013-01-28].
- ^ Bradley Berman. One Big Step for Tesla, One Giant Leap for E.V.'s. 紐約時報. 2012-09-28 [2012-09-29].
- ^ 美國國家環境保護局 and 美國能源部. 2013 Tesla Model S (60 kWh battery pack). Fueleconomy.gov. 2012-12-05 (last updated) [2012-12-07].
- ^ 美國國家環境保護局 and 美國能源部. 2012 Tesla Model S. Fueleconomy.gov. 2012-06-27 (last updated) [2012-06-27].
- ^ 47.0 47.1 特斯拉汽車. Tesla Model S Performance - Battery. Tesla Motors. [2012-06-22].
- ^ Ingram, Antony. Tesla Model S Owner Drives Coast To Coast Electrically (Again). Green Car Reports. 2013-01-02 [2013-01-09].
- ^ 特斯拉汽車. Model S Specs and Standards. Tesla Motors. [2012-06-04].
- ^ Danny King. Tesla Model S will gain range in "sleep mode" software update. Autoblog Green. 2012-12-06 [2012-12-09]. See more details in Press Release.
- ^ Josie Garthaite. Leaving Baggage On the Dock, a Flagship Departs From California. 紐約時報. 2012-06-23 [2012-06-24].
- ^ 52.0 52.1 Chris Woodyard. First Drive: Tesla's Model S electric is spectacular. 今日美國. 2012-06-23 [2012-06-24].
- ^ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 特斯拉汽車. Model S/Options and pricing. Tesla Motors. [2012-12-16].
- ^ George Blankenship. 2013 Model S Price Increase | Blog | Tesla Motors. 特斯拉汽車. 2012-11-29 [2012-11-29]. See more details in Press Release.
- ^ Tesla Model S Sales Exceed Target (新聞稿). Tesla Motors. 2013-03-31 [2013-04-26].
- ^ Tesla Supercharger: An In-Depth Look. Motor Trend. [2013-04-01].
- ^ Supercharger. Tesla Motors. [2013-04-01].
- ^ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Charge your Model S - Adapter Guide, High Power Charging, and Supercharge. Tesla Motors. [2012-06-23].
- ^ Tesla Model S Sales Exceed Target. Tesla Motors. 2013-03-31 [2013-04-01].
- ^ NVIDIA Powers Digital Dashboard In New Tesla Motors Electric Sedan (新聞稿). NVidia. 2012-06-21 [2013-01-14].
- ^ Buckley, Sean. Audi to take NVIDIA powered MIB systems global, drive Tegra through Asian, North American markets. Engadget. 2013-01-08 [2013-01-14].
- ^ Visual Computing Module (新聞稿). NVIDIA. [2013-01-14].
- ^ Gabe Shenhar. Our Tesla Model S gets a third-row seat and now seats seven. Consumer Reports. 2013-03-19 [2013-05-12].
- ^ 64.0 64.1 Tesla Press Release. Tesla launches first six Supercharger locations; 100 kW charging, with 120 kW in future. Green Car Congress. 2012-09-25 [2012-12-23].
- ^ 65.0 65.1 Jeff Cobb. First Tesla Superchargers Open October 19. HybridCars.com. 2012-10-12 [2012-12-23].
- ^ 66.0 66.1 Jim Motavalli. Tesla Begins East Coast Fast-Charging Corridor. 紐約時報. 2012-12-21 [2012-12-23].
- ^ Joseph Rose. Tesla Motors bringing Oregon's first EV Supercharger station to Woodburn. The Oregonian. 2013-08-26 [2013-09-01].
- ^ 68.0 68.1 Mark Kane. First Six Tesla Supercharger Stations Up And Runing in Norway; ~ 120 kW of Power. InsideEVs.com. 2013-08-30 [2013-09-01].
- ^ Jim Motavalli. At Tesla's Party, Superchargers and Delivery Dates. 紐約時報. 2012-11-13 [2012-12-23].
- ^ Sebastian Blanco. REPORT: Tesla Model S was designed with battery swaps in mind. Autoblog Green. 2009-09-27 [2013-06-22].
- ^ 71.0 71.1 Mark Rogowsky. Tesla 90-Second Battery Swap Tech Coming This Year. 福布斯. 2013-06-21 [2013-06-22].
- ^ Tesla Motors demonstrates battery swap in the Model S. Green Car Congress. 2013-06-21 [2013-06-22].
- ^ Tesla Model S Specs and Standard Features.
- ^ 74.0 74.1 Tesla Service. Tesla Motors. [2012-12-14].
- ^ 75.0 75.1 Elon Musk. Creating the World's Best Service and Warranty Program. Tesla Motors. 26 April 2013 [2012-12-14].
- ^ Valdes-Dapena, Peter. Service Tesla offers idiot-proof battery warranty 請檢查
|url=
值 (幫助). CNN Money. 2013-04-26 [2013-07-25]. - ^ 特斯拉汽車. 520 Model S Reserved in the First Week. Business Wire. 2009-04-01 [2012=06-25].
- ^ May, Patrick. Crazy for Teslas. The Columbus Dispatch. [2011-03-04].
- ^ Woodyard, Chris. Tesla: 3,000 buyers lined up for electric Model S sedan. 今日美國. 2010-12-16 [2011-01-26].
- ^ Ohnsman, Alan. Tesla's Musk Says Model S Sold Out; Profit Likely in 2013. Bloomberg. 2011-10-28 [2011-12-13].
- ^ 81.0 81.1 David Shepardson. Tesla to deliver first Model S electric by June. The Detroit News. 2012-05-09 [2012-05-10].
- ^ Tesla Motors Form 8-K Current Report (3Q 2012). Tesla Motors. 2012-11-05 [2012-11-06].
- ^ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Paul Lienert. UPDATE 2-Tesla Motors expects first profit in Q1. 路透社. 2013-02-20 [2013-02-20].
- ^ Anita Lienert,. 2013 Tesla Model S Signature Series Is Sold Out. Edmunds Inside Line. 2012-06-04 [2012-06-25].
- ^ Jim Motavalli. In White Plains, Tesla Motors Sells the Sizzle and Maybe a Car or Two. 紐約時報. 2012-05-12 [2012-06-25].
- ^ Danny King. Tesla will sell 20,000 vehicles next year, CEO says. Autoblog Green. 2012-06-07 [2012-06-22].
- ^ Sebastian Blanco. Tesla posts first quarterly profit; Model S becomes best-selling plug-in car in US (probably). Autoblog Green. 2013-05-08 [2013-05-08].
- ^ Sebastian Blanco. Tesla says Model S can recharge in an hour, given the right equipment (a Supercharger). Autoblog Green. 2012-06-25 [2012-06-25]..
- ^ 89.0 89.1 Tesla Motors. Tesla Q3 report: $50M revenues, $111M GAAP net loss, 253 Model S delivered in Q3. Green Car Congress. 2012-11-05 [2012-11-06]. Sales during the 3Q 2012: 68 Roadsters and 253 Model S.
- ^ Tesla Motors. Tesla Motors, Inc. – Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2012 Shareholder Letter (PDF). 特斯拉汽車. 2013-02-20 [2013-02-13]. Most of the remaining Tesla Roadsters were sold during the 4Q 2012, and quarter Roadsters and about 2,650 Model S vehicles during 2012.
- ^ Jay Cole. Tesla 60 kWh Model S Deliveries Delayed To January-February, Entry Level Until March-April. Inside EVs. 2012-12-04 [2012-12-07].
- ^ Jose Pontes. Canada Full Year 2012. EV Sales. 2013-01-06 [2013-07-06]. 100 units delivered in 2012.
- ^ Matthew Klippenstein. Plug-in Electric Car Sales In Canada, July 2013: Tesla On Top?. Green Car Reports. 2013-08-06 [2013-08-06]. During the first six months of 2013 a total of 342 Model S units were delivered.
- ^ John Voelcker. First 2012 Tesla Model S Delivered To Earliest Depositor Steve Jurvetson (Video). Green Car Reports. 2012-06-06 [2012-06-06].
- ^ John Voelcker. Tesla Model S Update: 3,000th Electric Sedan Delivered In CA. Green Car Reports. 2013-03-22 [2013-03-22].
- ^ Jay Cole. Tesla: Model S Production Now More Than 500 Per Week, Over 12 Million Total Miles Driven So Far. Inside EVs. 2013-03-22 [2013-03-22].
- ^ Jeff Cobb. March 2013 Dashboard. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. 2013-04-03 [2013-04-07].
- ^ Green Car Congress. Tesla likely Q1 US PEV leader with 4,750+ sales in North America; Nissan surges with LEAF in March in US. Green Car Congress. 2013-04-04 [2013-04-07].
- ^ Antony Ingram. New Tesla Model S Pricing Announced For Jan 1, Battery Pack Costs Too. Green Car Reports. 2012-11-29 [2012-12-16].
- ^ Why Texas Bans the Sale of Tesla Cars. Yahoo! News. 2013-08-22 [2013-08-24].
- ^ Jose Pontes. Europe September 2013. EV Sales. 2013-10-24 [2013-10-26].
- ^ MarketWatch. Stocks to watch Monday: Shire, Kirby, Tesla. MarketWatch. 2012-06-25 [2012-06-25].
- ^ Tesla to honour Model S pricing. Autocar. [2012-06-25].
- ^ Antony Ingram. Tesla Reveals European Pricing For Model S Electric Sedan. Green Car Reports. 2012-12-20 [2012-12-23].
- ^ Pete Brissette. Tesla Announces European Model S Pricing. HybridCars.com. 2012-12-21 [2012-12-23].
- ^ De Danske Bilimportører. Statistik - Personbiler: 2013- Hele Hele året/januar-september 2013 [Statistics - Passenger cars: 2013- January-September 2013]. Bilimp. 2013 [2013-10-11] (Danish). 已忽略未知參數
|month=
(建議使用|date=
) (幫助) Select year and click on Pr. model for details of sales by brand and model. - ^ Eric Loveday. Tesla Model S Soars to Top of EV Sales Chart in Denmark. InsideEVs.com. 2013-10-09 [2013-10-11].
- ^ Michaël Torregrossa. Tesla– Premières livraisons françaises pour le Model S [Tesla - First deliveries of the French Model S]. Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). 2013-09-28 [2013-10-12] (French).
- ^ Philippe Schwoerer. Wehicles y était : livraisons des Tesla Model S à Paris [Wehicles was there: Tesla Model S deliveries in Paris]. Wehicles. 2013-09-28 [2013-10-12] (French).
- ^ Tesla Motors PR Newswire. Tesla Motors Announces Major Developments for Germany. Bloomberg. 2013-10-23 [2013-10-23].
- ^ Angelo Young. Tesla Is Experiencing Tepid German, Danish Sales So Far; Netherlands Performance Faring Better. 國際財經時報. 2013-10-21 [2013-10-32].
- ^ RAI. Verkoopstatistieken -nieuwverkoop personenautos [Sales Statistics - New passenger car sales]. RAI Vereniging. [2013-10-07] (Dutch). Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2013 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201308" - Cumulative sales totalled 7 units in August 2013, of which 5 were sold in August.
- ^ 113.0 113.1 RAI. Verkoopcijfers september 2013 - Modellenoverzicht [Sales September 2013 - Models overview]. Auto Week Netherlands. 2013 [2013-10-07] (Dutch). 已忽略未知參數
|month=
(建議使用|date=
) (幫助) Table shows September and August 2013 sales: 5 units were delivered in August and 170 in September. - ^ Antony Ingram. First 2013 Tesla Model S Delivered Outside North America--In Oslo. Green Car Reports. 2013-08-07 [2013-08-07].
- ^ 115.0 115.1 Henk Bekker. 2013 (Half Year) Norway: Best-Selling Electric Cars. BestSellingCars.com. 2013-07-04 [2013-07-06].
- ^ 116.0 116.1 Elbilsalget: Stille før stormen i julii [Electric Vehicle Sales: Calm from the storm in July]. Grønn bil. 2013-08-05 [2013-08-07] (挪威語). Reported used imports not included. 引用錯誤:帶有name屬性「NorwaySales072013」的
<ref>
標籤用不同內容定義了多次 - ^ 117.0 117.1 117.2 Rekordsalg av elbiler i august [Record sales of electric cars in August]. Grønn bil. 2013-09-02 [2013-09-04] (挪威語).
- ^ OFV. Bilsalget i august [Car sales in August]. Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken (OFV). 2013-09-02 [2013-09-04] (挪威語).
- ^ 法新社 (AFP). Electric car tops registrations in Norway for first time. Google Hosted News. 2013-10-03 [2013-10-11].
- ^ 路透社. Tesla's $110,000 Model S is now Norway's best-selling car. 環球郵報. 2013-10-09 [2013-10-11].
- ^ Eric Loveday. Norwegians Buying "Used" Tesla Model S Sedans at Prices Higher Than New to Avoid 5-Month Wait. InsideEVs.com. 2013-10-09 [2013-10-11].
- ^ 122.0 122.1 Reuters. Nissan Leaf tops Norway Oct. car sales, beats Toyota Auris, VW Golf. Automotive News Europe. 2013-11-01 [2013-11-02].
- ^ Vereinigung Scheweizer Automobil-Importeure. Personenwagen nach Modellen - Modellstatistik Personenwagen 2013 [Passenger cars by model - Statistic by model cars in 2013]. Auto Schweiz. 2013-10-10 [2013-10-11] (German). Download the file ModellePW2013.xls, cumulative sales are presented in tabs Juli (3), Aug (45), Sept (111).
- ^ http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=7769
- ^ 125.0 125.1 125.2 Christopher Jensen. Tesla Says Car Fire Started in Battery. 紐約時報. 2013-10-02 [2013-10-05].
- ^ Phillipe Crowe. Tesla Model S Catches Fire. HybridCars.com. 2013-10-04 [2013-10-05].
- ^ 127.0 127.1 Bill Vlasic. Car Fire a Test for High-Flying Tesla. 紐約時報. 2013-10-03 [2013-10-05]. The video is available atYouTubehere.
- ^ 128.0 128.1 128.2 Steven Russolillo. Musk Explains Why Tesla Model S Caught on Fire. 華爾街日報. 2013-10-04 [2013-10-05].
- ^ David Shepardson. NHTSA looking into Tesla EV fire. The Detroit News. 2013-10-22 [2013-10-23].
- ^ David Shepardson. U.S. will not open investigation into Tesla fire. The Detroit News. 2013-10-24 [2013-10-25].
- ^ PRNewswire. And Now There Is One.... Tesla Model S Declared 2013 World Green Car. 國際財經時報. 2013-03-28 [2013-03-28].
- ^ Zenlea, David. 2013 Automobile of the Year: Tesla Model S. Automobile Magazine. 2012-01 [2012-11-01].
- ^ MacKenzie, Angus. 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year: Tesla Model S. Motor Trend. 2013-01 [2012-11-12].
- ^ Auto Grand Award Winner: Tesla Model S. PopSci. 2012-11 [2012-11-19].
- ^ TIME Staff. Best Inventions of the Year 2012 - $22,000 - $750,000-The Tesla Model S. Time Magazine. 2012-11-01 [2012-11-02].
- ^ della Cava, Marco R. Tesla Model S: The 2013 Yahoo! Autos Car of the Year. Yahoo! Autos. 2012-10-31 [2013-01-19].
- ^ Cunningham, Wayne; Goodwin, Antuan. 2012 Car Tech Awards: And the winner is.... CNET. 2012-12-19 [2012-12-24].
- ^ Voelcke, John. 2013 Tesla Model S: Green Car Reports' Best Car To Buy 2013. Green Car Reports. 2012-12-10 [2012-12-28].
- ^ Tesla Model S Named 2013 AutoGuide.com Reader's Choice Car of the Year. AutoGuide. 2012-12-12 [2012-12-28].
- ^ 加拿大自然資源部. 2013 ecoENERGY for Vehicles Awards. Natural Resources Canada. 2013-02-14 [2013-02-22].
- ^ Peter Valdes-Dapena. Tesla : Consumer Reports' best car ever tested. CNN Money. 2013-05-09 [2013-05-12].
- ^ Eric Evarts. Video: The Tesla Model S is our top-scoring car. Consumer Reports. 2013-05-09 [2013-05-12].
- ^ Broder, John. Stalled Out on Tesla's Electric Highway. New York Times. 2013-02-10 [2031-02-16].
- ^ Musk, Elon. A Most Peculiar Test Drive. Tesla Motors. 2013-02-13 [2013-02-16].
- ^ Broder, John. That Tesla Data: What It Says and What It Doesn't. New York Times. 2013-02-14 [2013-02-16].
- ^ Peter Valdes-Dapena. Test drive: DC to Boston in a Tesla Model S. CNN Money. 2013-02-15 [2013-02-16].
- ^ Philip LeBeau. Behind the Wheel, Putting the Tesla to the Test. CNBC. 2013-02-193 [2013-02-22].
- ^ Elvia Thompson. Tesla Model S Road Trip: Electric Cars Make It From DC To CT. Green Car Reports. 2013-02-18 [2013-02-20].
- ^ Sebastian Blanco. Tesla Model S road trip drivers find success along NYT's failed drive route [w/video]. Autoblog Green. 2013-02-18 [2013-02-20].
- ^ Margaret Sullivan. Problems With Precision and Judgment, but Not Integrity, in Tesla Test. 紐約時報. 2013-02-18 [2013-02-20].
- ^ James Poniewozik. Charged Debate. 時代 (雜誌). 2013-03-04 (Print Edition) [2013-02-22].
- ^ The New York Times. After a Charging System Test, a Debate Erupts Online. The New York Times. 2013-02-22 [2013-02-22].
- ^ 特斯拉汽車 Press Release. Tesla Model S Achieves Best Safety Rating of Any Car Ever Tested. Tesla Motors. 2013-08-19 [2013-09-01].
- ^ Ashlee Vance. Tesla's Model S Sedan Destroys Safety Tests ... Literally. 彭博商業周刊. 2013-08-20 [2013-09-01].
- ^ Jerry Hirsch. Upstart Tesla wins top U.S. safety rating; what will competitors do?. 洛杉磯時報. 2013-08-20 [2013-09-01].
- ^ Alan Ohnsman. Tesla Says Model S Sedan Receives Top U.S. Crash Rating. Bloomberg News. 2013-08-20 [2013-09-01].
- ^ Mark Rogowsky. Safest Car On The Road: Even Crashing Into A Wall Is Good News For Tesla. 福布斯. 2013-08-20 [2013-09-01].
- ^ Cheryl Jensen. How Does Tesla's 5-Star Safety Rating Inform Overall Vehicle Safety?. 紐約時報. 2013-08-21 [2013-09-01].
- ^ Jason Siu. Tesla Model S is NOT the Safest Car Ever, Say Feds. Auto Guide. 2013-08-22 [2013-09-01].
- ^ UPDATE: Tesla roof so strong it broke crush-test machine. 今日美國. 2013-08-21 [2013-09-01].
- ^ Bradley Berman. One Big Step for Tesla, One Giant Leap for E.V.’s. 紐約時報. 2012-09-28 [2012-09-29].
- ^ 美國國家環境保護局 and 美國能源部. 2013 Tesla Model S (60 kWh battery pack). Fueleconomy.gov. 2012-12-05 (last updated) [2012-12-07].
- ^ 美國國家環境保護局 and 美國能源部. 2012 Tesla Model S. Fueleconomy.gov. 2012-06-27 (last updated) [2012-06-27].
外部連結
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)
- 官方網站
- 2012 Tesla Model S test and range verification
- Comparison of the Model S against other PEVs available in the U.S., 商業內幕
|