全血

全血
	全血捐血的血袋
临床资料
给药途径	IV
ATC码	B05A (WHO) ;
识别信息
ChemSpider	none;

全血为标准捐血流程后所取得的人类血液^[1]，通常用于治疗大量出血、换血疗法（英语：exchange transfusion）与自体输血上^[2]^[1]。一单位的全血可提升受血者之血红蛋白浓度约10 g/L^[3]。在输全血前会进行交叉试验（英语：Cross matching）^[2]^[4]，并以静脉注射的方式注入受血者体内^[5]。

接受全血可能会有的副作用包括过敏（例如过敏性休克）、溶血反应、高钾血症、感染、体液过载（英语：volume overload）与输血相关急性肺损伤^[2]^[3]。全血的成分包含红血球、白血球、血小板与血浆^[3]。全血最好在采集后一天内使用，而其最长保存时间约三周^[4]^[3]^[6]。全血采集时会混入抗凝剂与防腐剂来延长保存时间^[7]。

第一起有记录的全血输血发生于1818年，然而直到第一次世界大战与第二次世界大战后，全血输血才被广泛使用^[4]^[8]。全血为基础医疗系统需求中最安全有效之药物之一，因此亦列于世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之内^[9]。在美国，1980年代时的全血，一单位约 50 美金^[10]。如今，在发展中国家与军队外的场所，全血不再广泛地直接使用^[2]。全血大多用来加工成其他血液制品：如红血球浓厚液、血小板浓厚液（英语：platelet concentrate）、冷冻沉淀品（英语：cryoprecipitate）与新鲜冷冻血浆^[1]。

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Hillyer, Christopher D. Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles & Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007: 190 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 0443069816. （原始内容存档于2017-01-12）（英语）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Connell, NT. Transfusion Medicine.. Primary care. December 2016, 43 (4): 651–659. PMID 27866583. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.004.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Plumer, Ada Lawrence. Plumer's Principles and Practice of Intravenous Therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007: 422 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 9780781759441. （原始内容存档于2017-01-12）（英语）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Bahr, MP; Yazer, MH; Triulzi, DJ; Collins, RA. Whole blood for the acutely haemorrhaging civilian trauma patient: a novel idea or rediscovery?. Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England). December 2016, 26 (6): 406–414. PMID 27357229. doi:10.1111/tme.12329.
^ Linton, Adrianne Dill. Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015: 287 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 9781455776412. （原始内容存档于2017-09-14）（英语）.
^ Marini, John J.; Wheeler, Arthur P. Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials 4. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012: 267 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 9781451152845. （原始内容存档于2017-01-11）（英语）.
^ Rudmann, Sally V. Textbook of Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2005: 205 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 072160384X. （原始内容存档于2017-01-12）（英语）.
^ Hemmings, Hugh C.; Egan, Talmage D. Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2012: 628 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 1455737933. （原始内容存档于2017-01-11）（英语）.
^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [8 December 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-13）.
^ Blood policy & technology.. DIANE Publishing. 1985: 8 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 9781428923331. （原始内容存档于2017-01-12）（英语）.

外部链接

Circular of Information for Blood Products（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

[Hill2007-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Hillyer, Christopher D. Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles & Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007: 190 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 0443069816. （原始内容存档于2017-01-12）（英语）.

[Con2016-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Connell, NT. Transfusion Medicine.. Primary care. December 2016, 43 (4): 651–659. PMID 27866583. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.004.

[Plu2007-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Plumer, Ada Lawrence. Plumer's Principles and Practice of Intravenous Therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007: 422 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 9780781759441. （原始内容存档于2017-01-12）（英语）.

[Ba2016-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Bahr, MP; Yazer, MH; Triulzi, DJ; Collins, RA. Whole blood for the acutely haemorrhaging civilian trauma patient: a novel idea or rediscovery?. Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England). December 2016, 26 (6): 406–414. PMID 27357229. doi:10.1111/tme.12329.

[5] Linton, Adrianne Dill. Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015: 287 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 9781455776412. （原始内容存档于2017-09-14）（英语）.

[6] Marini, John J.; Wheeler, Arthur P. Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials 4. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012: 267 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 9781451152845. （原始内容存档于2017-01-11）（英语）.

[7] Rudmann, Sally V. Textbook of Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2005: 205 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 072160384X. （原始内容存档于2017-01-12）（英语）.

[8] Hemmings, Hugh C.; Egan, Talmage D. Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2012: 628 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 1455737933. （原始内容存档于2017-01-11）（英语）.

[WHO19th-9] WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [8 December 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-13）.

[10] Blood policy & technology.. DIANE Publishing. 1985: 8 [2019-03-04]. ISBN 9781428923331. （原始内容存档于2017-01-12）（英语）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]