鼓虾
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枪虾科![]() | |
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Alpheus heterochaelis | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
亚门: | 甲壳亚门 Crustacea |
纲: | 软甲纲 Malacostraca |
目: | 十足目 Decapoda |
亚目: | 腹胚亚目 Pleocyemata |
下目: | 真虾下目 Caridea |
总科: | 枪虾总科 Alpheoidea |
科: | 枪虾科 Alpheidae |
枪虾又名鼓虾、手枪虾,在饮食领域叫做嘎巴虾,常跟虾虎鱼一起生活,颜色呈泥绿色,拥有一对一大一小的虾螯,身长约5厘米,但巨螯的长却达约2.5厘米。鼓虾潜行于热带海洋的浅水区域,当鼓虾猎食时会将牠的巨螯快速合上,喷射出一道时速高达100公里左右的水流,将猎物如小鱼、小蟹震慑、击昏,甚至杀死。这道高速水流会触发空穴现象,成形一个极微小的低压气泡,当水压回复正常,气泡会崩裂并发出劈啪声,鼓虾因此得名。假若一群鼓虾同时闭合牠们的巨螯,所发出的声量足以让潜水艇避过声纳探测器的追踪。
鼓虾也被称为“共生虾”,原因是牠与虾虎鱼的共生关系。小虾的视力不及虾虎鱼,但如果它看见或感觉到虾虎鱼突然游回洞穴,它便能跟着缩回。虾虎鱼和鼓虾总是保持着联系,鼓虾通过其触角触碰虾虎,当有危险时,虾虎鱼会轻拍尾鳍以示警告。
有海中的隔空狙击手之称。
据动物擂台的说法鼓虾能造200分贝的声音
品种
下级分类
枪虾科包括以下属:
- Acanthanas Anker, Poddoubtchenko & Jeng, 2006
- Alberta Kazmi & Kazmi, 2010
- Alpheopsis Coutière, 1896
- 鼓虾属 Alpheus Fabricius, 1798
- Amphibetaeus Coutière, 1896
- Anebocaris Spence Bate, 1888
- Arete Stimpson, 1860
- Aretopsis De Man, 1910
- 角鼓虾属 Athanas Leach, 1814
- Athanopsis Coutière, 1897
- Automate De Man, 1888
- Bannereus Bruce, 1988
- Bataeus
- Batella Holthuis, 1955
- Bermudacaris Anker & Iliffe, 2000
- Betaeopsis Yaldwyn, 1971
- Betaeus Dana, 1852
- Bruceopsis Anker, 2010
- Caligoneus Komai & Fujita, 2018
- Coronalpheus Wicksten, 1999
- Coutieralpheus Anker & Felder, 2005
- Crosnierocaris Anker, 2022
- Deioneus Dworschak, Anker & Abed-Navandi, 2000
- Diaphoropus Spence Bate, 1888
- Fenneralpheus Felder & Manning, 1986
- Harperalpheus Felder & Anker, 2007
- Jengalpheops Anker & Dworschak, 2007
- Leptalpheus Williams, 1965
- Leptathanas De Grave & Anker, 2008
- Leslibetaeus Anker, Poddoubtchenko & Wehrtmann, 2006
- 后乙鼓虾属 Metabetaeus Borradaile, 1899
- Metalpheus Coutière, 1908
- Mohocaris Holthuis, 1973
- Nennalpheus A.H.Banner & D.M.Banner, 1981
- Notalpheus Méndez G. & Wicksten, 1982
- Oligorostra Ciampaglio & Weaver, 2008
- Oligosella Ciampaglio & Weaver, 2008
- Orygmalpheus De Grave & Anker, 2000
- Pachelpheus Anker, 2020
- Parabetaeus Coutière, 1896
- Pomagnathus Chace, 1937
- Potamalpheops Powell, 1979
- Potamalpheops amnicus Yeo & Ng, 1997
- Potamalpheops darwiniensis Bruce, 1993
- Potamalpheops galle Anker, 2005
- Potamalpheops hanleyi Bruce, 1991
- Potamalpheops haugi (Coutière, 1906)
- Potamalpheops johnsoni Anker, 2003
- Potamalpheops kisi Marin, 2021[1]
- Potamalpheops miyai Yeo & Ng, 1997
- Potamalpheops monodi (Sollaud, 1932)
- Potamalpheops nazgul Christodoulou, Iliffe & De Grave, 2019
- Potamalpheops palawanensis Cai & Anker, 2004
- Potamalpheops palawensis Cai & Anker, 2004
- Potamalpheops pininsulae Bruce & Iliffe, 1992
- Potamalpheops pylorus Powell, 1979
- Potamalpheops stygicola (H.H.Hobbs Jr., 1973)
- Potamalpheops tigger Yeo & Ng, 1997
- Potamalpheops tyrymembe Soledade, Santos & Almeida, 2014
- Prionalpheus A.H.Banner & D.M.Banner, 1960
- Pseudalpheopsis Anker, 2007
- Pseudathanas Bruce, 1983
- Pterocaris Heller, 1862
- Racilius Paul'son, 1875
- Richalpheus Anker & Jeng, 2006
- Rugathanas Anker & Jeng, 2007
- 折螯虾属 Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955
- Stenalpheops Miya, 1997
- Symalpheus Bate, 1888
- Synalpheus Bate, 1888
- Thuylamea Nguyen, 2001
- Triacanthoneus Anker, 2010
- Vexillipar Chace, 1988
- Yagerocaris Kensley, 1988
虾光现象
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Snapping_Sequence.jpg)
荷兰屯特大学研究人员利用一个每秒钟可连续拍摄40,000次的高速照相机,观察某一品种鼓虾(Alpheus heterochaelis)的活动。研究员发现,当鼓虾闭合巨螯产生一道高速的喷射水流,形成空穴现象,产生一个低压气泡,当气泡崩裂时,会产生高达200分贝的音量,足以震碎玻璃及杀死1.8米内的小鱼,气泡在崩裂同时,会产生声致发光(即气泡在水中发生内向爆炸,产生光及高温)[2],科学家称这种鼓虾造成的声致发光为“虾光现象”(shrimpoluminescence),有关“虾光现象”的详细解释、图片、影片及声音档案,可于屯特大学的网页[1](页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)取得。
鼓虾产生的气泡因被迅速地压缩,热力无处消散,使得气泡内的温度可激增至华氏8500度(约摄氏4704.4度),并产生持续数亿分之1秒的亮光,因持续时间太短,现时并没有工具可以准确量度出持续时间。这道亮光用肉眼无法看到,事实上只是冲击波造成的副产品,生物学上没有重要性,但这是首次发现动物利用这方式发光。
相片
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一种红白间色的鼓虾“Alpheus randalli”
参考资料
- ^ Ivan N. Marin. 2021. A New Species of the Genus Potamalpheops (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae) from the intertidal Mangrove Swamps of South Vietnam. Arthropoda Selecta. 30(2); 179-191. DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.30.2.05
- ^ Lohse D, Schmitz B, Versluis M (2001). Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles. 《自然》 413 (6855): 477-8. PMID 11586346
- Brown, K. 2000. For certain shrimp, life's a snap. Science 289 (5487): 2020-2021.
- Lohse, D., Schmitz, B. and Versluis, M. 2001. Snapping Shrimp make flashing bubbles. Nature 413: 477-478.
- Versluis, M., Schmitz, B., von der Heydt, A. and Lohse, D. 2000. How Snapping Shrimp snap: through cavitating bubbles. Science 289 (5487): 2114-2117.