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曼尼普尔语

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曼尼普尔语
ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ
母语国家和地区印度东北孟加拉国缅甸
母语使用人数
超过150万,当中绝大部分位于印度[1]
语系
文字曼尼普尔文英语Meitei script(Meitei Mayek)[2],但现时主要用孟加拉文来书写。
官方地位
作为官方语言印度曼尼普尔邦
语言代码
ISO 639-2mni
ISO 639-3两者之一:
mni – 曼尼普尔语
omp – 古曼尼普尔语
语言学家列表omp Old Manipuri
Glottologmani1292[3]
濒危程度
联合国教科文组织认定的濒危语言[4]
脆弱UNESCO

曼尼普尔语,又称梅泰语(曼尼普尔语:ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ罗马化:Meitei lonpangal-lol)是印度东北部喜马拉雅山区东南部的曼尼普尔邦官方语言共通语,属于汉藏语系。曼尼普尔语亦有在阿萨姆邦特里普拉邦孟加拉缅甸通行。它已成为了曼尼普尔邦内各民族间的重要团结要素,因为各民族靠这种语言来互相沟通。

曼尼普尔语有独特的文字——曼尼普尔文英语Meitei script(Meitei Mayek),运用该种文字书写的最古老的文献溯源于13世纪。

留意曼尼普尔语跟比什努普里亚-曼尼普尔语(ইমার ঠার/বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী)是两种完全不同的语言:比什奴普莱利亚-曼尼普尔语是一种印度-雅利安语支的语言,但同样通行于印度东北部、缅甸孟加拉一带,而且现时同样使用孟加拉文来书写。

方言

曼尼普尔语有三种方言:

  • Meiteieg (meitei)
  • Loieg (loi)
  • Pangaleg (pangal)

语音

曼尼普尔语是一种带声调的语言。大概有两个或三个声调

文法

书写系统

曼尼普尔语有独特的文字——曼尼普尔文英语Meithei script(Meitei Mayek),运用该种文字书写的最古老的文书大约在11世纪到12世纪左右,但到18世纪就没有再使用。从1891年英国开始在印度的管治时,曼尼普尔语开始采用孟加拉文来书写,直到现在。不过,现时有建议要恢复使用曼尼普尔文。

参看

注释

  1. ^ 引自印度2001年人口统计资料
  2. ^ A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phrase Book - 1888 Assam Secretariat Press
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Manipuri. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  4. ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO

参考文献

文化

  • Brara, N. Vijaylakshmi. (1998). Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East. Delphi: Oxford University Press.
  • Budha, W. (1992). Indigenous games of the Meiteis. Manipur: Wangkeimayum Publications.
  • Singh, M. Kirti. (1988). Religion and culture of Manipur. Delhi: Manas Publications.
  • Singh, M. Kirti. (1993). Folk culture of Manipur. Delhi: Manas Publications.

语言

  • Bhat, D. N. S.; & Ningomba, S. (1997). Manipuri grammar. Munich: Lincom Europa.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1990). Experiencer subjects in Manipuri. In V. M. Manindra & K. P. Mohanan (Eds.), Experiencer subjects in South Asian languages (pp. 195-211). Stanford: The Center for the Study of Language and Information.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1992). Tone in Manipuri. In K. L. Adams & T. J. Hudak (Eds.), Papers from the first annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1991 (pp. 65-85). Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1992). Bracketing paradoxes in Manipuri. In M. Aronoff (Ed.), Morphology now (pp. 33-47). Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1994). Morphological change and fast speech phenomena in the Manipuri verb. In K. L. Adams & T. J. Hudak (Eds.), Papers from the second annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1992 (pp. 121-134). Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1997). A grammar of Meithei. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 0-19-564331-3.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). Early Meithei manuscripts. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 59-71). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). A glossary of 39 basic words in archaic and modern Meithei. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 189-190). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2004). Polysemy through metonymy: The case of Meithei pi 'grandmother'. Studies in Language, 28 (2), 363-386.
  • Singh, Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra. (1964). Manipuri to Manipuri & English dictionary.

外部链接