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无孔亚纲

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无孔亚纲
化石时期:312–200 Ma
无孔亚纲头颅骨
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 爬行纲 Reptilia
亚纲: 无孔亚纲 Anapsida
Williston, 1903

无孔亚纲(Anapsida)属于羊膜动物,头骨上没有颞颥孔[1]。牠们是羊膜动物中最原始的一群,出现于石炭纪晚期。由于龟鳖目演化自双孔亚纲,所以无孔亚纲全部灭绝,其中的米勒古蜥科夜守龙科锯齿龙科,都在二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件中绝种,只有前棱蜥科仍存活到三叠纪。 无孔亚纲是种传统上的用法,有学者提出这些无孔类动物的彼此关系很远,所以应该被分为几个演化支:出现在晚石炭纪的原始爬行动物(大鼻龙目)、生存在二叠纪的多样性无孔类爬行动物(前棱蜥形目)、以及现存的龟鳖目(海龟、陆龟、水龟)。

最早的龟鳖目化石来自晚三叠纪中国半甲齿龟Odontochelys semitestacea),已经很类似现代乌龟。近年有科学家提出,龟鳖目的无孔类形态头颅骨,是种演化逆行现象。这个理论认为龟鳖目演化自双孔类爬行动物,在演化过程中失去两个颞颥孔,这理论还已经被普遍的接受。近期的一些种系发生学研究,根据形态学而将龟鳖目归类于双孔亚纲[2][3][4]。一些研究人员将龟鳖目列为主龙类的姊妹分类单元[5][6],其中多数研究人员是将龟鳖目归类于鳞龙形下纲[7][8][9][10][11]

大部分分子系统发生学的研究结果,都支持龟鳖目属于双孔亚纲的分类法。某些研究将龟鳖目归类于主龙类[12],大部分研究则是将龟鳖目列为主龙类的姊妹分类单元[13][14][15][16][17]。另有一个分子系统发生学研究,将龟鳖目归类于双孔亚纲的鳞龙形下纲,是鳞龙类蜥蜴喙头蜥)的近亲[18]。他们认为龟鳖目原先被归类于无孔亚纲的原因,是因为原本研究是将龟鳖目作为无孔亚纲的研究主体、参照点,而且原本研究并没有广泛地研究远古无孔类的化石、现存龟鳖目的骨头,以建立演化树。有研究认为,龟鳖目是在2亿7900万到2亿年前演化自双孔类爬行动物。[7][13][19]

参考资料

  1. ^ Pough, F. H. et al. (2002) Vertebrate Life, 6th Ed. Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. ISBN 978-0-13-041248-5
  2. ^ deBraga, M. and Rieppel, O. (1997). "Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120: 281-354.
  3. ^ Linda A. Tsuji and Johannes Muller. Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade. Fossil Record. 2009, 12 (1): 71–81 [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1002/mmng.200800011. (原始内容存档于2017-10-09). 
  4. ^ Marcello Ruta, Juan C. Cisneros, Torsten Liebrect, Linda A. Tsuji and Johannes Muller. Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeontology. 2011, 54 (5): 1117–1137 [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x. (原始内容存档于2017-08-23). 
  5. ^ Susan E. Evans. An early kuehneosaurid reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Early Triassic of Poland (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 2009, 65: 145–178 [2012-12-21]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-06). .
  6. ^ Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; and Susan E. Evans. A long−necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 2009, 65: 203–234 [2012-12-21]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-06). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Rieppel O, DeBraga M. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Nature. 1996, 384 (6608): 453–5. doi:10.1038/384453a0. 
  8. ^ Li, Chun; Xiao-Chun Wu, Olivier Rieppel, Li-Ting Wang & Li-Jun Zhao. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature. 2008-11-27, 456 (7221): 497–501. PMID 19037315. doi:10.1038/nature07533. 
  9. ^ Constanze Bickelmann, Johannes Müller and Robert R. Reisz. The enigmatic diapsid Acerosodontosaurus piveteaui (Reptilia: Neodiapsida) from the Upper Permian of Madagascar and the paraphyly of ‘‘younginiform’’ reptiles. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2009, 49: 651–661. doi:10.1139/E09-038. 
  10. ^ Robert R. Reisz, Sean P. Modesto and Diane M. Scott. A new Early Permian reptile and its significance in early diapsid evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2011, 278 [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0439. (原始内容存档于2016-06-29). 
  11. ^ Li, Chun; Olivier Rieppel, Xiao-Chun Wu, Li-Jun Zhao and Li-Ting Wang. A new Triassic marine reptile from southwestern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2011, 31 (2): 303–312. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550368. 
  12. ^ Mannena, Hideyuki; Li, Steven S. -L. Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Oct 1999, 13 (1): 144–148. PMID 10508547. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0640. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Zardoya, R.; Meyer, A. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998, 95 (24): 14226–14231. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 24355可免费查阅. PMID 9826682. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226. 
  14. ^ Iwabe, N.; Hara, Y.; Kumazawa, Y.; Shibamoto, K.; Saito, Y.; Miyata, T.; Katoh, K. Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2004-12-29, 22 (4): 810–813 [2010-12-31]. PMID 15625185. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi075. (原始内容存档于2016-04-12). 
  15. ^ Roos, Jonas; Aggarwal, Ramesh K.; Janke, Axel. Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Nov 2007, 45 (2): 663–673. PMID 17719245. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.018. 
  16. ^ Katsu, Y.; Guillette; Braun, E. L.; Guillette, L. J. Jr.; Iguchi, T. From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 2010-03-17, 127 (2–4): 79–93. PMID 20234127. doi:10.1159/000297715.  Authors list列表缺少|last2= (帮助)
  17. ^ Crawford, N. G.; Faircloth, B. C.; McCormack, J. E.; Brumfield, R. T.; Winker, K.; Glenn, T. C. (2012). "More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs". Biology Letters. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0331
  18. ^ Tyler R. Lyson, Erik A. Sperling, Alysha M. Heimberg, Jacques A. Gauthier, Benjamin L. King and Kevin J. Peterson. MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade. Biology Letters: 104–107. [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477. (原始内容存档于2018-10-31). 
  19. ^ Benton, M. J. Vertebrate Paleontology 2nd. London: Blackwell Science Ltd. 2000. ISBN 0-632-05614-2. , 3rd ed. 2004 ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8

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