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![]() 1958年刚被美国海军购买的的里雅斯特号
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历史 | |
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舰名 | 的里雅斯特号 |
建造者 | 亚德里亚联合工厂 |
下水日 | 1953年8月26日 |
结局 | 于1958年售予美国海军 |
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舰名 | 的里雅斯特号 |
获取日 | 1958年 |
退役日 | 1966年 |
结局 | 于美国海军博物馆保存展示 |
技术数据 | |
舰型 | 深潜器 |
排水量 | 51吨 |
全长 | 59英尺6英寸(18.14米) |
全宽 | 11英尺6英寸(3.51米) |
吃水 | 18英尺6英寸(5.64米) |
乘员 | 2 |
的里雅斯特号是一艘瑞士设计,意大利建造的研究用深潜船(英语:bathyscaphe)。在美国海军的支持下,的里雅斯特号于1960年1月23日到达了世界海洋的最低点挑战者深渊,其驾驶员瑞士探险家雅克·皮卡尔和美国探险家唐纳德·沃尔什也成为了首两位到达马里亚纳海沟底部的人类。他们两人中,雅克是该船设计者奥居斯特·皮卡尔的儿子。[1]
设计
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trieste_nh96807.svg/300px-Trieste_nh96807.svg.png)
的里雅斯特号由瑞士科学家奥居斯特·皮卡尔所设计,船体大概15米长,排水量51吨,内部大部分空间都被装有汽油的浮箱所占据,而船员主要活动在船体下方的耐压球壳内。[2]与传统的潜水球相比,使用了船型构造的的里雅斯特号有在水中自由活动的能力。该船上半部分由的里雅斯特自由区的亚德里亚联合工厂(意大利语:Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico)建造,这也是其得名的来源;下半部分则由斯塔比亚海堡海军船厂建造。1953年8月26日,的里雅斯特号在拿波利附近的卡普里岛下水。其后,的里雅斯特号在法国海军中服役了几年,最后在1958年以25万美元(相当于今天的220万美元)的价格被转手卖给美国海军。
在美国海军中为奈克顿计划服务时,的里雅斯特号做了小幅度改装。上半部分船体除了搭载了85000升汽油外,在船头和船尾还携带了配重水箱。耐压球壳也更换为由德国克虏伯制造的版本,[3] ,其被安装在船体底部,为两名船员提供了活动空间。球壳内安有换气器用于维持呼吸循环:氧气储存在加压气罐内,而舱内的二氧化碳则由碱石灰吸收,整套系统与之后在航天飞船上所使用的生命支持系统有些相似。球壳外侧有一扇观测窗,但没有舱门,船员必须要从船体顶部的竖井进入到球壳内。最后,一对可抛弃的铁质配重块被安装在球壳前后。
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg/170px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg)
为了承受马里亚纳海沟底部高达110兆帕的水压,的里雅斯特号的耐压球壳有足足12.7厘米(5.0英寸)厚。出于安全的考虑,的里雅斯特号还能承受更高的水压,即使在马里亚纳海沟底部,其耐压球壳也没有被压扁的风险。厚实的舱壁也意味着球壳没法在水中自主漂浮,因此为了使深潜船回到水面,的里雅斯特号的上部装有浮箱。浮箱中装有汽油,汽油的密度比水小,因此能提供浮力,同时汽油不易被压缩的特性也使得浮箱的较薄的舱壁也能承受外部巨大的水压。
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_sphere.jpg/170px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste_sphere.jpg)
的里雅斯特号的耐压球壳前部开有一个圆形观察口,而观察口中装有一大块锥状的有机玻璃。观察口外装有几个石英弧光灯泡,为乘员提供船体外部的照明;这些灯泡十分耐压,能在不接受特殊改造的情况下,承受超过110兆帕的水压。另外船壳底部附有两个共9公吨(20,000英磅)的铁质配重球。在海沟底部,过大的水压使得依赖压缩气体的艇内浮箱无法正常工作,而这些配重球可以使得的里雅斯特号能够在极深处上升和下沉。配重球由一对电磁铁固定。如果艇内停电,配重球会自动脱落,使得里雅斯特号浮向水面。
在被美国海军购入后,的里雅斯特号在圣地亚哥接受了改装,并在之后几年里在太平洋海域内完成了多次深潜任务。其中最为有名的是1960年1月对马里亚纳海沟的探险,的里雅斯特号代表人类第一次到达了世界海洋最深处。[2]
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_with_USS_Lewis_%28DE-535%29_over_the_Marianas_Trench%2C_23_January_1960_%28NH_96797%29.jpg/220px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste_with_USS_Lewis_%28DE-535%29_over_the_Marianas_Trench%2C_23_January_1960_%28NH_96797%29.jpg)
潜航马里亚纳海沟
的里雅斯特号于1959年10月5日离开了圣地亚哥港前往关岛. Trieste departed San Diego on 5 October 1959 for Guam aboard the freighter Santa Maria to participate in Project Nekton, a series of very deep dives in the Mariana Trench.
On 23 January 1960, she reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh.[4] This was the first time a vessel, manned or unmanned, had reached the deepest known point of the Earth's oceans. The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521米(37,799英尺), although this was revised later to 10,916米(35,814英尺); fairly recently, more accurate measurements have found Challenger Deep to be between 10,911米(35,797英尺) and 10,994米(36,070英尺) deep.[5]
The descent to the ocean floor took 4 hours 47 minutes at a descent rate of 0.9米每秒(3.2千米每小时;2.0英里每小时).[6][7] After passing 9,000米(30,000英尺), one of the outer Plexiglas window panes cracked, shaking the entire vessel.[8] The two men spent twenty minutes on the ocean floor. The temperature in the cabin was 7 °C (45 °F) at the time. While at maximum depth, Piccard and Walsh unexpectedly regained the ability to communicate with the support ship, USS Wandank (ATA-204), using a sonar/hydrophone voice communications system.[9] At a speed of almost 1.6 km/s(1 mi/s) – about five times the speed of sound in air – it took about seven seconds for a voice message to travel from the craft to the support ship and another seven seconds for answers to return.
While at the bottom, Piccard and Walsh reported observing a number of small sole and flounder (both flatfish).[10][11] The accuracy of this observation has later been questioned and recent authorities do not recognize it as valid.[来源请求] The theoretical maximum depth for fish is at about 8,000—8,500米(26,200—27,900英尺), beyond which they would become hyperosmotic.[12][13][14] Invertebrates such as sea cucumbers, some of which potentially could be mistaken for flatfish, have been confirmed at depths of 10,000米(33,000英尺) and more.[12][15] Walsh later said that their original observation could be mistaken as their knowledge of biology was limited.[13] Piccard and Walsh noted that the floor of the Challenger Deep consisted of "diatomaceous ooze". The ascent took 3 hours and 15 minutes.
荣誉
- Navy Unit Citation with star
- Meritorious Unit Commendation with star
- Navy E Ribbon
- National Defense Service Medal with star
另见
- Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle
- Deep Submergence Vehicle
- Alvin (DSV-2)
- Project Mohole
- MIR (submersible)
引用和注释
- ^ First Trip to the Deepest Part of the Ocean The Bathyscaphe Trieste carried two hydronauts to the Challenger Deep in 1960. Geology.com. 2005-2015 Geology.com. [27 April 2015].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Trieste Bathyscaphe. Machine-History.Com. from Time article 12 October 1953. [27 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于6 September 2015).
- ^ Bathyscaphe (PDF). National Geographic Education. 2015 National Geographic Society. [27 April 2015].
- ^ Trieste.
- ^ Amos, Jonathan. Oceans' deepest depth re-measured. BBC News. 7 December 2011 [7 December 2011].
- ^ NGC: On the sea floor
- ^ To the Depths in Trieste, University of Delaware College of Marine Studies
- ^ Archived copy. [25 February 2007]. (原始内容存档于2 February 2007)., Rolex Deep Sea Special, Written January 2006.
- ^ Wandank (ATA-204). historycentral.com. [3 June 2009].
- ^ Meet the only man alive who has been to the deepest ocean. BBC. 2012 [24 February 2012].
- ^ Meet the creatures that live beyond the abyss. BBC. 22 January 2010 [24 February 2012].
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Wolff, T. The deepest recorded fishes. Nature. 1961, 190: 283–284. doi:10.1038/190283a0
.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Jamieson, A.J.; P.H. Yancey. On the Validity of the Trieste Flatfish: Dispelling the Myth. The Biological Bulletin. 2012, 222 (3): 171–175. PMID 22815365. doi:10.1086/BBLv222n3p171.
- ^ Yanceya, P.H.; E.M. Gerringera; J.C. Drazen; A.A. Rowden; A. Jamieson. Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths. PNAS. 2014, 111 (12): 4461–4465. PMC 3970477
. PMID 24591588. doi:10.1073/pnas.1322003111.
- ^ Jamieson, A. The Hadal Zone: Life in the Deepest Oceans. Cambridge University Press. 2015: 285–318. ISBN 978-1-107-01674-3.
扩展阅读
- Piccard, Jacques and Dietz, Robert S. Seven Miles Down; The Story of the Bathyscaph Trieste
. G. T. Putnam's Sons. 1961.
外部连接
- The Bathyscaph Trieste Celebrates the 50th Anniversary of the World's Deepest Dive
- Dives of the Bathyscaph Trieste - dictabelt recordings (pdf, page 38)
- 50th anniversary recollection by retired Navy Captain Don Walsh.
- 2008 obituary of diver Jaques Piccard
- Trieste Program Dive Log from the Collection of the Naval Undersea Museum
- The Bathyscaph Trieste Technical and Operational Aspects, 1958-1961 by LT Don Walsh, US Navy Electronics Laboratory