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三元论 (神学)

维基百科，自由的百科全书

在基督教神学中，三元论（Tripartite）认为人是三个不同部分组成的复合体：身体（body）、灵（spirit）和魂（soul）。另一种观点二元论（bipartite）则认为魂和灵只是同一实体（灵魂）的不同表达。

三元论的支持者

以下许多神学家都见于路易·伯克富（Louis Berkhof）的《系统神学》、[1] 史特朗（Augustus H. Strong）的《系统神学》、[2] 简·雅各布·范·奥斯特兹（Jan Jacob van Oosterzee）的《基督教教义》（Christian Dogmatics）、[3] 约翰·比克福德·赫德（John Bickford Heard）的《人的三重性》(Tripartite Nature of Man),[4]和亨利·德·吕巴克（Henri de Lubac）的《历史与精神》。[5]。

姓名 出生 逝世 神学传统 主要著作 引用者
游斯丁（Justin Martyr） 100 165 早期基督教护教士 《论复活》（On the Resurrection）[6] 奥斯特兹、赫德
他提安（Tatian） 120 180 早期基督教护教士 《致希腊人书》（Tatian's Address to the Greeks）[7] 奥斯特兹《早期基督教信仰词典》[8]
革利免（Clement of Alexandria） 150 215 教父 伯克富
墨利托（Melito） ? 180 撒狄主教 奥斯特兹
希坡律陀（Hippolytus of Rome） 170 235 罗马教会长老 但以理书注解第2册，第38页 吕巴克
俄利根（Origen） 184 253 教父 《论基要教理》(De Principiis) Book 2,关于魂[9] 奥斯特兹、伯克富、吕巴克[10]
爱任纽（Irenaeus） 2世纪 202 教父 《驳异端》（Against Heresies）[11] 奥斯特兹
该撒利亚的优西比乌（Eusebius） 260/265 339/340 罗马历史学家、凯撒利亚主教 诗篇102篇20节注解[12] 吕巴克
亚波里拿留（Apollinarius） ? 390 叙利亚老底嘉主教 伯克富
狄迪莫斯（Didymus of Alexandria） 313 398 科普特教会神学家 传道者注解;[13]诗篇注解[14] 理查德·阿莱顿[15] 吕巴克
该撒利亚的巴西流(Basil of Caesarea) 329 379 教父 Homily 21[16] 吕巴克
圣额我略·纳齐安(Gregory of Nazianzus) 329 389/390 教父、君士坦丁堡大主教 Poems, bk. 1, sec. 1, 8 (On the Soul)[17] 吕巴克
尼撒的贵格利（Gregory of Nyssa） 335 395 教父 On the Making of Man 8.4–6[18] 伯克富
大马士革的圣约翰（John of Damascus） 645/676 749 东正教 史特朗
若望·克利马古（John Climacus） 7世纪 ? 7世纪修士 《乐园阶梯》（Scala Paradisi，The Ladder of Divine Ascent）[19]
马丁·路德（Martin Luther） 1483 1546 德国宗教改革领袖 Commentary on the Magnificat[20] Delitzsch
托马斯·杰克逊（Thomas Jackson） 1579 1640 英国神学家, Arminian
托马斯·怀特（Thomas White） 1593 1676 罗马天主教神父、学者
陶德瑞(Philip Doddridge) 1702 1751 英国非国教徒领袖 A Paraphrase and Notes on the First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians[21]
Magnus Friedrich Roos 1727 1803 German Lutheran theologian Outlines of Psychology drawn from the Holy Scriptures 伯克富
Seraphim of Sarov 1754 1833 Russian Orthodox Theologian St. Seraphim of Sarov's Conversation with Nicholas Motovilov
Adam Clarke 1762 1832 British Methodist theologian Clarke's Commentary on the Bible
Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert 1780 1860 German Theologian 奥斯特兹
Karl Friedrich Goschel 1784 1861 Prussian Right Hegelian Herzog, Realencyclopadie, article "Seele" 史特朗
August Neander 1789 1850 German theologian and church historian History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church by the Apostles[22] 史特朗
Hermann Olshausen 1796 1839 German theologian Opuscula Theologica[23] and Commentary on 1 Thes. 5:23 史特朗、伯克富
Leonhard Usteri 1799 1833 Swiss Reformed theologian Entwickelung Des Paulinischen Lehrbegriffes[24] 史特朗
August Friedrich Christian Vilmar 1800 1868 German Neo-Lutheran theologian Dogmatik: Akademische Vorlesungen G. C. Berkouwer[25]
Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer 1800 1873 German Protestant theologian Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament[26]
Johann Tobias Beck 1804 1878 German theologian Outlines of Biblical Psychology[27] 史特朗、伯克富
亨利·阿福德（Henry Alford） 1810 1871 英国圣公会神学家、圣经学者 New Testament for English Readers[28]
Frederic Charles Cook 1810 1889 English churchman and linguist The Speaker's Commentary[29]
Johann Gottfried Hausmann 1811 1901
Gustav Friedrich Oehler 1812 1872 German Lutheran theologian Theology of the Old Testament 伯克富
索伦·奥贝·克尔凯郭尔（Søren Kierkegaard） 1813 1855 丹麦路德宗 The Concept of Anxiety, 《致死的疾病》（The Sickness Unto Death）, or De omnibus dubitandum est. A Narrative
Franz Delitzsch 1813 1890 German Lutheran theologian Biblical Psychology 伯克富
威廉·史密斯（William Smith） 1813 1893 English Lexicographer Smith's Bible Dictionary[30]
Theophan the Recluse 1815 1894 Russian Orthodox Theologian The Spiritual Life
简·雅各布·范·奥斯特兹（Jan Jacob van Oosterzee） 1817 1882 荷兰 《基督教教义》（Christian Dogmatics） 史特朗
Charles John Ellicott 1819 1905 Anglican theologian Destiny of the Creature[31] 史特朗
A. R. Fausset 1821 1910 Anglican theologian Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary[32]
Karl August Auberlen 1824 1864 German Lutheran theologian Geist des Menschen im Biblischen Sinne 史特朗、伯克富
George Boardman the Younger 1828 1903 Baptist "The Scriptural Anthropology." Baptist Quarterly Vol. 1[33] 史特朗
慕安德烈（Andrew Murray） 1828 1917 南非荷兰归正会 《基督的灵》（The Spirit of Christ）[34]
约翰·比克福德·赫德（John Bickford Heard） 1828 ? 《人的三重性》(Tripartite Nature of Man)[35] 史特朗、伯克富
Henry Liddon 1829 1890 English Theologian John Laidlaw[36]
Hermann Cremer 1834 1903 German Protestant theologian Biblico-theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek[37] 史特朗
司可福（C. I. Scofield） 1843 1921 美国神学家 《司可福串注圣经》（Scofield Reference Bible）[38]
乔治·彭伯（G. H. Pember） 1837 1910 普利茅斯弟兄会解经家 《地的最早时期》（Earth's Earliest Ages）[39]
Otto Stockmayer 1838 1917 German Holiness Movement 倪柝声《属灵人》
弗雷德里克·迈尔（F. B. Meyer） 1847 1929 英国浸信会牧师 倪柝声《属灵人》 & Latent Power of the Soul
James M Stalker 1848 1929 Scottish preacher Christian Psychology[40]
Clarence Larkin 1850 1924 Protestant (Baptist) Dispensational Truth or God's Plan and Purpose in the Ages[41]
宾路易师母（Jessie Penn-Lewis） 1861 1927 更正教(Welsh) 《魂与灵》（Soul and Spirit）、《众圣徒的争战》（War on The Saints）
麦敦诺师母（Mary E. McDonough） 1863 1962 《神救赎的计划》（God's Plan of Redemption）[42]
Lewis Sperry Chafer 1871 1952 美国更正教神学家 Systematic Theology Vol. 1&2[43] Gordon R. Lewis and Bruce A. Demarest in Integrative Theology[44]
George H. Lang 1874 1958 普利茅斯弟兄会 Firstfruits and Harvest[45]
伊凡·罗伯斯 1878 1951 威尔士 Calvinist Methodist 《众圣徒的争战》（War on The Saints）[46]
Robert Lightfoot 1883 1953 圣公会牧师、神学家 John Laidlaw[47]
William Theodore Heard 1884 1973 罗马天主教枢机主教
Arthur W. Pink 1886 1952 Reformed The Great Change, Regeneration, Or, The New Birth,[48] Gleanings in Genesis[49]
Herbert Lockyer 1886 1984 All the Doctrines of the Bible[50] 约翰伍德沃德
史百克（Theodore Austin-Sparks） 1888 1971 英国基督教传道人 What is Man? 约翰伍德沃德
安汝慈（Ruth Paxson） 1889 1949 新教 《最高的生命》（Life on the Highest Plane）[51]
倪柝声 1903 1972 中国基督徒领袖 《属灵人》（The Spiritual Man）、《人的破碎与灵的出来》（The Release of the Spirit）
George S. Hendry 1904 1993 Reformed Theologian The Holy Spirit in Christian Theology[52]
李常受 1905 1997 中国基督徒领袖 《生命的认识》（The Knowledge of Life）、《神的经纶》（The Economy of God）、《那灵同我们的灵》（The Spirit with Our Spirit）
E.C.Bragg 1912 1995 美国福音派神学家
Lehman Strauss ? 1997 浸信会 《三部分的人：灵、魂、体》（Man A Trinity：Spirit, Soul, Body)
Mark G Cambron 1911 2000 Bible Doctrines[53] 约翰伍德沃德
Lester Sumrall 1913 1996 American Pentecostal pastor and evangelist 《灵、魂与体》（Spirit, Soul and Body）[54]
S. Lewis Johnson Jr. 1915 2004 美国长老会神学家 Man and his Nature, part 1[55]
Gleason Archer 1916 2004 美国神学家 Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties[56]
P. B. Fitzwater ? ? Christian Theology A Systematic Presentation[57] 约翰伍德沃德


参见

参考

  1. ^ Berkhof, Systematic Theology, p. 191-192.
  2. ^ Strong, Systematic Theology, p. 484.
  3. ^ Van Oosterzee, Christian Dogmatics, p. 366.
  4. ^ Heard, The Tripartite Nature of Man, p. x.
  5. ^ de Lubac, History and Spirit, p. 178-179.
  6. ^ Justin, 'Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol 1, p. 298. "For the body is the house of the soul; and the soul the house of the spirit." Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  7. ^ Tatian, Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol 2, p. 70. "We recognize two varieties of spirit, one of which is called the soul, but the other is greater than the soul, an image and likeness of God: both existed in the first men, that in one sense they might be material, and in another superior to matter."
  8. ^ Bercot, Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs, p. 627.
  9. ^ Origen, Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 4, p. 289. "It appears that the soul is something intermediate between the weak flesh and the willing spirit." Vol. 4, p. 359. "For as man is said to consist of body, and soul, and spirit, so also does sacred Scripture, which has been granted by the divine bounty for the salvation of man."
  10. ^ de Lubac, History and Spirit, p.172-181. Lubac offers a lengthy analysis of the source of Origen's anthropological trichotomy.
  11. ^ Irenaeus, Ante-Nicene Fathers, p. 532. "For that flesh which has been moulded is not a perfect man in itself, but the body of a man, and part of a man. Neither is the soul itself, considered apart by itself, the man; but it is the soul of a man, and part of a man. Neither is the spirit a man, for it is called the spirit, and not a man; but the commingling and union of all these constitutes the perfect man." p. 534. "There are three things out of which, as I have shown, the complete man is composed- flesh, soul, and spirit. One of these does indeed preserve and fashion [the man]- this is the spirit; while as to another it is united and formed- that is the flesh; then [comes] that which is between these two- that is the soul, which sometimes indeed, when it follows the spirit, is raised up by it, but sometimes it sympathizes with the flesh, and falls into carnal lusts."
  12. ^ Patrologia Graeca 23:1267D. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  13. ^ Eccl.T. 124.19–28, 337.8–24
  14. ^ Patrologia Graeca 39:1256B, 1324A, 1400A, 1577C. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  15. ^ Layton, Didymus the Blind, p. 186, note 31
  16. ^ Basil, Homily 21, no. 5. (Patrologia Graeca 31:549A).
  17. ^ Patrologia Graeca 37:452.
  18. ^ On the Making of Man.Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  19. ^ Climacus, Ladder of Divine Ascent. "I called with my whole heart, says the Psalmist, that is, with body, soul, and spirit. For where the two last are gathered together, there God is in the midst of them" (28.61)
  20. ^ Martin Luther, Luther's Works , ed., Jaroslar Pelikan (St. Louis: Concordia, 1956), 21:303–304.
  21. ^ The Works of the Rev. P. Doddridge, Volume 9 (1805). "May the God of peace himself... sanctify you entirely, in all the parts of your nature; and [I pray God that] your whole constitution, or frame, your rational spirit, your animal soul, and your body, animated by it, may be so kept blameless....It is very evident, that the apostle, in the following words, refers to a notion which... prevailed among the rabbies as well as the philosophers, that the person of a man was constituted of three distinct substances, the rational spirit, the animal soul, and the visible body." p. 536. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  22. ^ Neander, History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church, p. 394-395. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  23. ^ Olshausen, Opuscula Theologica, p. 134.
  24. ^ Usteri, Entwickelung Des Paulinischen Lehrbegriffes, p. 384.
  25. ^ Berkouwer, Man: The Image of God, p. 210
  26. ^ Meyer, Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament, on 1 Thes 5:23.
  27. ^ Beck, Outlines of Biblical Psychology, p. 31.
  28. ^ Alford, New Testament for English Readers, Vol 2, p. 936-937. "Sensual- we have no English word for the quality here implied in the Greek word psychikos; and our biblical psychology is, by this defect, entirely at fault. The psyche is the center of the personal being, the 'I' of each individual. It is in each man bound to the spirit, man's higher part, and to the body, man's lower part; drawn upwards by the one, downwards by the other. He who gives himself up to the lower appetites, is fleshly; he who by communion of his spirit with God's Spirit is employed in the higher aims of his being, is spiritual. He who rests midway, thinking only of self and self's interests, is the psychikos, the selfish man, the man in whom the spirit is sunk and degraded into subordination to the subordinate psyche... Not having spirit- not directly the Holy Spirit of God, but the higher spiritual life of man's spirit in communion with the Holy Spirit. These men have not indeed ceased to have a spirit, as a part of their own tripartite nature: but they have ceased to possess it in any worthy sense: it is degraded beneath and under the power of the psyche, the personal life, so as to have no real vitality of its own.
  29. ^ The Holy Bible According to the Authorized Version (A.D. 1611): With an Explanatory & Critical Commentary & a Revision of the Translation, by Bishops & Other Clergy of the Anglican Church. Vol. 3. New York: Scribner, Armstrong &, 1881. pp. 258, 330–331, 729–730. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  30. ^ The article on Resurrection is where the support lies. It is written by Rev. Daniel Raynes Goodwin, but as Smith is the general editor, he seems to condone this view. Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. Rev. and edited by H.B. Hackett & Ezra Abbot, Vol. 4. 1870, p. 2712 Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  31. ^ Ellicott, Destiny of the Creature, p. 106-125.
  32. ^ Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary, On 1 Thes. 5:23, Jude 19
  33. ^ Boardman, Baptist Quarterly Vol. 1,Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  34. ^ Murray, The Spirit of Christ, pp 159–160, 193.
  35. ^ Heard, The Tripartite Nature of Man, p. 62-114.
  36. ^ Laidlaw, The Biblical Doctrine of Man, p. 67
  37. ^ Cremer, Biblico-theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek, p. 503-510, 582–586.
  38. ^ Scofield Reference Bible, Note on 1 Thes. 5:23. Online.
  39. ^ Pember, Earth's Earliest Ages, p. 74-77.
  40. ^ Stalker, Christian Psychology, p. 47-65.
  41. ^ Larkin, Dispensational Truth or God's Plan and Purpose in the Ages, p. 97-98. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  42. ^ McDonough, God's Plan of Redemption, p. 16-17. "The terms 'inner man' and 'outer man', or their equivalents, are employed in modern psychology, but the psychology of the Bible is more analytical inasmuch as it indicates a subdivision of the invisible part of man, thus teaching us that man is not dichotomous but is a trichotomous being.
  43. ^ Chafer, Systematic Theology, p. 180-187
  44. ^ Online.. [2020-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-27）. 
  45. ^ Lang, Firstfruits and Harvest, Ch 5. "This threefold composition of man is implied everywhere in the Word of God, and sometimes is distinctly stated." Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  46. ^ Roberts, War on The Saints, p. 209. "Christ wrought out for man upon Calvary's Cross salvation of spirit, soul, and body, from the dominion of sin and Satan; but that full salvation is wrought out in the believer through the central action of the will, as he deliberately chooses the will of God for each department of his tripartite nature."
  47. ^ Laidlaw, The Biblical Doctrine of Man, p. 67.
  48. ^ Pink, Regeneration, Ch 2. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  49. ^ Pink, Gleanings in Genesis, p. 107. "Is it not clear then that the ark divided into three stories more than hints at our threefold salvation in Christ? The salvation which we have in Christ is a threefold one, and that in a double sense. It is a salvation which embraces each part of our threefold constitution, making provision for the redemption of our spirit, and soul, and body (1 Thes. 5:23); and further, our salvation is a three tense salvation—we have been saved from the penalty of sin, are being saved from the power of sin, we shall yet be saved from the presence of sin."
  50. ^ Lockyer, All the Doctrines of the Bible, p. 143-145.
  51. ^ Paxson, Life on the Highest Plane, p. 24-28. On p. 26- "Man, then, is a trinity; spirit, soul, and body are the integral parts of his triune being." Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  52. ^ Hendry, The Holy Spirit in Christian Theology, Ch. 5.
  53. ^ Cambron, Bible Doctrines, p. 20, 62–63, 120–134.
  54. ^ Sumrall, Spirit, Soul and Body (Springdale: WhitakerHouse, 1995).
  55. ^ Man and his Nature, part 1. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  56. ^ Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties, p. 260. "Quite clearly then, the spirit is distinct from the soul, or else these verses add up to tautological nonsense. We therefore conclude that man is not dichotomic (to use the technical theological term)but trichotomic."
  57. ^ Fitzwater, Christian Theology A Systematic Presentation, p. 309.
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  • Lee, Witness. The Spirit With Our Spirit. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry, 1994.
  • Lee, Witness. The Knowledge of Life. 2nd ed. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry, 1988.
  • Lubac, Henri De. History and Spirit: The Understanding of Scripture According to Origen. San Francisco: Ignatius, 2007.
  • Marais, J. I. "Psychology." International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub., 1939.
  • McDonough, Mary E. God's Plan of Redemption. Bournemouth: Overcomer Book Room, 1922.
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  • Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Vol. 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600). Chicago: University of Chicago, 1971.
  • Pember, G. H. Earth's Earliest Ages. London: Pickering & Inglis, 1900.
  • Pester, John. "The Human Spirit in the Experience of the Triune God." Affirmation and Critique I.2 (April 1996).
  • Pink, Arthur W. Gleanings in Genesis. Paperback ed. Chicago, IL: Moody, 1922.
  • Scofield, C. I. The New Scofield Reference Bible. New York: Oxford UP, 1967.
  • Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. Vol 3. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.
  • Stalker, James. Christian Psychology. New York and London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1914.
  • Strong, Augustus H. Systematic Theology. Valley Forge, PA: Judson, 1907.
  • Van Oosterzee, Jan Jacob. Christian Dogmatics. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1874.
  • Woodward, John B. Man as Spirit, Soul, and Body: A Study of Biblical Psychology. Pigeon Forge, TN.: Grace Fellowship International, 2007.

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