戰冠
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戰冠(英語:War bonnet)是北美洲大平原印第安人的一種羽毛頭飾,通常由族群內廣受尊敬者佩戴。
戰冠最初是平原印第安人作戰時佩戴的頭飾,隨後逐漸演變為部落儀式期間的典禮頭飾。戰冠的羽毛通常是鷹羽,鷹羽被許多平原印第安族群視為最為尊貴的象徵[1],許多戰士一生中僅獲得兩到三根鷹羽的獎賞;當鷹羽數量較多時,就會被編織成戰冠頭飾。戰冠被印第安人在精神層面和政治層面賦予重要意義,成為族群內部廣受認可、享有盛名人士的專屬頭飾[2][3]。這類著名人士通常曾展現出無私而英勇的光榮行為,或是為族群的繁榮作出了重大貢獻。在大部分族群中,戰冠僅僅是部落內部的酋長和精神領袖的專屬頭飾。
在平原印第安人的傳統中,戰冠僅能由男人佩戴,女人另有其他種類的頭飾。但近年來,許多名望較高的原住民女性都被授予戰冠頭飾,作為榮譽的象徵[4]。
除了傳統的鷹羽戰冠外,平原印第安人另有其他種類的戰冠,如帶有野牛角、染色馬鬃和貓頭鷹羽的鹿皮戰冠,插有金雕尾羽的鹿皮或毛氈戰冠,以及羽毛排列鬆散、垂在兩側的鹿皮或毛氈戰冠[5]。
流行文化
由於戰冠極具特色的外形,佩戴戰冠的平原印第安人在現代已經成為關於美洲原住民的典型刻板印象,被現代流行文化用以作為美洲原住民文化的象徵。但是,未經許可而唐突地佩戴戰冠的行為會被印第安人視為冒犯[6][7][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]。曾有非原住民在當地演出期間佩戴羽毛戰冠,招致美洲原住民的反對和批評。已經有多個音樂節的組織方禁止售賣和佩戴美洲原住民頭飾[7][12][14][15][16][17]。
圖冊
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20世紀初明信片,阿帕奇族戰士,可見三人佩戴的鷹羽數量不同。
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蘇族酋長懼鷹(Afraid of Eagle)
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蘇族酋長斷臂(Broken Arm)
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阿帕奇族酋長野牛犢(Buffalo Calf)
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夏延族酋長瘋頭(Crazy Head)
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夏延族酋長凸大馬(Hubble Big Horse)
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1942年彩色攝影
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現代重構的戰冠矢量圖形
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俄克拉荷馬州國民警衛隊徽章
參見
參考資料
- ^ Grinnell, George Bird. The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways. World Wisdom, Inc. 2008: 209 [2020-02-16]. ISBN 9781933316604. (原始內容存檔於2014-07-28).
- ^ Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters, by George E. Hyde, edited by Savoie Lottinville, University of Oklahoma Press (1968), hardcover, 390 pages; trade paperback, 280 pages (March 1983), pp 214, 216, 239, 307. ISBN 0-8061-1577-7, ISBN 978-0-8061-1577-1.
- ^ The Battle of Beecher Island and the Indian War of 1867–1869, by John H. Monnett, University Press of Colorado (1992), pages 46 to 48. ISBN 0-87081-347-1.
- ^ Behind First Nations headdresses: What you should know. [2020-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-12).
- ^ Howard, James H. Plains Indian Feathered Bonnets. Plains Anthropologist (Maney Publishing). 1954, 1 (2): 23–26. ISSN 0032-0447. JSTOR 25666195. doi:10.1080/2052546.1954.11908159.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Houska, Tara. 'I Didn't Know' Doesn't Cut It Anymore. Indian Country Today Media Network. [April 20, 2015]. (原始內容存檔於July 6, 2017).
On imitation Native headdresses as "the embodiment of cultural appropriation ... donning a highly sacred piece of Native culture like a fashion accessory
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Keene, Adrienne (April 27, 2010) "But Why Can’t I Wear a Hipster Headdress? 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期May 13, 2016,." at Native Appropriations – Examining Representations of Indigenous Peoples.
- ^ This means war: why the fashion headdress must be stopped. The Guardian. July 30, 2014 [2020-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-17).
- ^ Ricky Martin Accused of Cultural AppropriationAfter Posting Headdress Photo. USA Today. Nov 29, 2018 [2020-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-24).
- ^ Coachella Attendee Apologizes for Culturally Appropriating a Native American Headdress. Teen Vogue. April 27, 2017 [2020-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-14).
- ^ HERE'S WHY YOU SHOULDN'T WEAR A NATIVE AMERICAN HEADDRESS. MTV. June 4, 2014 [2020-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2016-11-17).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 "ReMatriate was started earlier this year by women from the Yukon and northern B.C. in response to offensive runway fashion shows and 「festival wear」 appropriated from indigenous traditional arts and sacred objects and sold as commodities without permission." See Northern-sparked 'ReMatriate' campaign takes on cultural appropriation. Northern Journal. May 4, 2015 [2016-10-08]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-15).
- ^ 'Still experiencing a cultural genocide'. BBC NEWS. May 13, 2016 [2020-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-08).
- ^ Pharrell Apologizes for Wearing Headdress on Magazine Cover. Rolling Stone. June 5, 2014 [2015-11-09]. (原始內容存檔於2018-05-30).
- ^ No More War Bonnets at Glastonbury Music Festival. Lakota Law Project. October 17, 2014 [2016-10-08]. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-20).
- ^ Rota, Zack. Why Native Headdresses No Longer Belong at Music Festivals. 29 July 2014 [2020-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-13).
- ^ Osheaga Issues Ban on Headdresses as Fashion Accessories. exclaim.ca. [2020-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-02-16).
- ^ Eagle Permits - Native American Feather Permit. www.fws.gov. [2020-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2017-06-07).
- Hardin, Barry E. The Plains Warbonnet: Its Story and Construction. Book Publishing Company. 2013. ISBN 9781929572236.
- Hirschfelder, Arlene; Molin, Paulette F.; Wakim, Yvonne; Dorris, Michael A. American Indian Stereotypes in the World of Children: A Reader and Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1999. ISBN 9781461656302.
- Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Infobase Publishing. 2014. ISBN 9781438110103.